Magyar Agrár- és Élettudományi Egyetem

Apple is one of the most important fruits worldwide; in addition, it constitutes nearly 60% of Hungary's total fruit production. Presently, the challenge in pest management is not only the decreased range of pesticides, but also the deeper knowledge of natural enemies occurring in fruit plantations, and in their neighborhood. Our objective was to study how season, year, orchard structure, and varieties influence the occurrence of insect pest damage and beneficial insects in apple. We also investigated the strength of correlations between pest damage and natural enemies, as well as among the different natural enemy taxa. The experiment was conducted in three apple orchards, and the damage of insect pests and the number of natural enemies were monitored across ten trees/varieties/sectors/dates. All sites were managed according to integrated pest management (IPM) guidelines, and no unmanaged or untreated control plots were included. Significant differences were observed among orchards and years for all taxa, except Cydia pomonella (L.) among orchards and Orius spp. among years. Pest populations are primarily driven by seasonal and climatic factors, while beneficial insects are shaped more by local habitat features and orchard structure. No effect of the varieties on insect damage could be detected, whereas the abundance of beneficial organisms differed significantly among varieties in more cases. The weak correlations between pests and their natural enemies suggest that the presence and activity of predators depend not only on pest abundance but also on other interrelated ecological factors in intensive apple orchards. The damage caused by C. pomonella could also be kept at a low level in all orchards when appropriate pest management technology is applied.

Romania joined the UNESCO Convention in 1990. The fortified church of Biertan was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1993, followed by six additional Transylvanian fortified church villages in 1999. An interesting feature of this heritage landscape is that settlements with different demographic and development trajectories share the same World Heritage designation. In our research, we collected demographic and tourism data from these seven municipalities. Subsequently, a standard questionnaire was sent to municipal decision-makers (mayors) in 2023 to map tourism development in their municipalities. The communication activities of the municipalities were analysed using a content analysis method, which was observation-based and based only on online content. In our experience, there is no common strategy to turn this heritage into a tourist attraction; each of the seven municipalities has faced this challenge separately. The main result of the research was to explore how heritage tourism works in municipalities with different demographic, linguistic-cultural heritage and with different levels of management.

<ns7:p>The well-being of farmed and companion animals is increasingly recognised as integral to sustainable agroecosystems, companionship, and the One Health approach, which emphasises the interconnected health of people, animals, and the environment. The ELIXIR Domestic Animals Genome and Phenome (DAGP) Community supports genome-to-phenome analyses for farmed and companion animal species. Its aim is to coordinate, discuss, and explore the potential of data technology solutions to address key issues in animal welfare, behaviour, health, infectious diseases, metabolism, nutritional efficiency, and the preservation of genetic diversity and the environment. Through consolidating efforts to develop data standards, coordination, workflows, and visualisation, it will enhance the science underpinning rapidly growing fields in domestic animal genomics, including genome-enabled breeding, population genomics, pangenome analysis, functional genomics, genome editing, paleogenomics, phenotyping, and bio-banking. These standards will adhere to the FAIR data principles and leverage established ontologies to promote best practices in data coordination and archiving. This white paper, prepared by the ELIXIR DAGP Focus Group, summarises the current data infrastructure, resources, and tools available for domestic animal genomics and phenomics, and presents community-led plans and priorities to be implemented to meet the requirements of ELIXIR services and the animal science community. We describe how ELIXIR services can be applied in the domestic animal genomics and phenomics fields, and how we can connect projects and infrastructures that are active in the animal sciences domain. We also discuss three key priority areas: i) expanding the FAANG Data Portal for phenotype data with ELIXIR Data Platforms; ii) supporting submissions of new data types across ELIXIR Core Data Resources , including proprietary data from industry partners; and iii) strengthening connections to existing ELIXIR Communities and international consortia. This article provides a set of priorities for a Domestic Animals Genome and Phenome Community in ELIXIR and outlines the next steps to engage across stakeholders and to consolidate data for domestic animal science in Europe.</ns7:p>

Molecular data are widely used to resolve complex phylogenetic relationships between cryptic species, particularly in cases where morphological features are insufficient to confirm taxonomic distinctness. For benthic shallow-water octopuses, several successes and failures have been reported when attempting to delineate species using individual nuclear or mitochondrial markers. In this study, we investigated the potential of shallow random shotgun sequencing to assess the phylogenetic placement of an undescribed southern hemisphere lineage within the Octopus vulgaris species complex, which could not be conclusively delimited using single-marker approaches. A total of 338 nuclear loci, along with complete mitochondrial genomes, were generated for two specimens presently classified as Octopus vulgaris (Type III) that originated from the southeastern Atlantic coast of South Africa and Amsterdam Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Our combined phylogenomic approach reveals that this lineage is genetically distinct from O. vulgaris sensu stricto (ss) from the Mediterranean and the northeast Atlantic, as well as from the closely related O. sinensis from East Asia. A further separation of O. vulgaris (Type III) into distinct South African and Amsterdam Island lineages cannot be proven. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that supports O. vulgaris Type III as a genetically distinct lineage within the O. vulgaris species complex, and emphasise that the taxonomic classification of this southern hemisphere lineage warrants re-evaluation.

Water scarcity remains a growing challenge in Southeast Nigeria, where agriculture sustains both peri-urban and rural livelihoods. This study analyzed the total water footprint (WF) of agricultural households and its components, identifying major water-consuming activities in urban and rural farming households in Enugu State. A multistage sampling procedure selected 64 participants (33 urban and 31 rural households). Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, the Vester matrix, and Ordinary Least Squares regression. Results showed that the total WF of urban agricultural households (19,516.9 m3/month) was 6.6% higher than that of rural households (17,088.2 m3/month). However, the WF components revealed distinct patterns. The blue WF of rural households (40.5 m3/month) exceeded that of urban households (36.9 m3/month) by 4.7%, reflecting greater use of surface and groundwater for drinking and cooking. Conversely, the green WF of urban households (17,976.1 m3/month) was 6.0% higher than that of rural households (15,764.3 m3/month), while the gray WF, representing water used for daily domestic activities, was also higher in urban areas (1503.9 m3/month) than in rural areas (1283.4 m3/month), a 7.9% difference that was statistically significant. Farmland size significantly influenced the total WF of both urban (p < 0.01) and rural (p < 0.05) households, while household size showed weaker positive effects. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between the blue and green WFs of rural households (r = 0.82, p < 0.001). The Vester matrix identified inefficient water use in urban households and limited water-saving devices in rural households as critical drivers of water consumption. Hence, the study underscores the need for context-specific water management strategies, including the promotion of rainwater harvesting, improved irrigation efficiency, and behavior-change interventions to reduce household-level water footprints in Southeast Nigeria.

Veterinary metabolomics has redefined bile acids (BAs) from simple digestive surfactants to systemic endocrine signals within a microbial-host metabolic axis. This review aims to evaluate how BA dysmetabolism acts as a central pathogenic factor in canine and feline disease. We analyze the BA pool's integrity, which depends on a specialized functional guild, primarily Peptacetobacter hiranonis, responsible for 7α-dehydroxylation. We delineate two principal pathological profiles: (1) microbial collapse, characterized by secondary bile acid (SBA) depletion and compromised farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) signaling, which exacerbates inflammation in chronic enteropathy (CE), protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI); and (2) hepato-biliary spillover, wherein host-induced dysfunction results in primary bile acid (PBA) excess. Recent data have linked these disruptions to skeletal health, feline renal fibrosis, cardiac remodeling in myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), and neuroinflammation in epilepsy and hepatic encephalopathy. The discovery of microbially conjugated bile acids (MCBAs) and microbial extracellular vesicles (MEVs) reveals highly specific, vesicle-mediated communication pathways impacting systemic health. Diagnostic protocols should prioritize functional profiling, including the dysbiosis index (DI), serum conjugated BA analysis, and SBA/PBA ratios. Clinical management is moving beyond empirical fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), towards precision synthetic microbial consortia (SynComs), neuroprotective BAs like tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), and molecular postbiotics to restore the collaborative metabolome.

Public acceptance is a key prerequisite for renewable energy deployment, yet evidence from post-socialist, energy import-dependent countries remains limited, and acceptance is often treated as a single construct. This study examines Hungary and distinguishes between (i) general societal support for renewable energy and (ii) individual-level commitment to adoption. Using an online survey conducted in October–November 2024 (N = 417), we test for an acceptance gap and assess attitudinal drivers with paired-sample t-tests, OLS regression, and cluster-based comparisons. Results show a significant acceptance gap: general societal support exceeds individual-level commitment (mean difference = 0.17 on a three-point scale; Cohen’s d = 0.36; p &lt; 0.001). In bivariate terms, perceived economic benefits exhibit only a weak association with acceptance, but in multivariate models they emerge as a strong predictor of individual-level commitment (β = 0.600; R2 = 0.407), whereas environmental attitudes and energy security perceptions show weaker and non-significant independent effects. Cluster analysis further indicates heterogeneous attitudinal profiles and varying levels of acceptance, suggesting that economic evaluations operate as an enabling dimension within broader attitudinal configurations rather than a standalone driver. These findings highlight why broad societal endorsement may not translate into personal engagement and imply that policy strategies should complement general pro-renewable narratives with measures that address perceived feasibility and individual-level costs and uncertainties.

Farm households facing land scarcity and droughts have adopted diverse livelihood strategies for survival. This study aims to identify livelihood strategies and the factors influencing their choices in the West Badawcho District of Central Ethiopia. We surveyed 285 households using a three-stage sampling technique and analyzed the data with descriptive statistics and a multivariate probit econometric model. Results showed that 64% engaged in on-farm activities, while 25–24% pursued off-farm and non-farm livelihoods, respectively. On-farm activities contributed 56% of the income, while off-farm and non-farm activities contributed 30–24%, respectively. Key determinants for livelihood choices included household age, education, family size, wealth, land and livestock ownership, access to extension services, and cooperative membership. The findings indicate that livelihood choices vary across rural areas based on local factors. Thus, the government should focus on enhancing land productivity, promoting technology, improving financial access, and creating income opportunities.