Majmaah University

Despite extensive research on nanofluids and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows, the simultaneous investigation of melting heat transfer, thermal radiation, and ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF) on inclined surfaces remains unexplored, presenting a significant gap in thermal management literature. This work addresses this gap by examining the combined effects of melting phenomena, MHD, and mixed convection in a THNF composed of copper (Cu), aluminum oxide ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ), and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles flowing over an inclined surface. Similarity transformations and numerical solution via the Keller box method are employed to solve the governing equations, incorporating mixed convection and thermal radiation effects. Key results demonstrate a substantial enhancement in the local Nusselt number of THNF by ∼19% due to the melting phenomenon, accompanied by a 6% increase in the skin friction coefficient. The skin friction coefficient increases on the stretching sheet but decreases on the shrinking sheet. Furthermore, the melting parameter leads to a significant decrease in temperature profiles (around 18%), whereas the inclination parameter causes a minor increase (∼3%) for both stretching and shrinking scenarios. Notably, the analysis confirms that THNF demonstrates superior thermal performance compared to conventional hybrid and single-component nanofluids. These results provide actionable insights for designing nanoengineered thermal management systems applicable to solar thermal collectors, battery cooling systems, and advanced heat exchangers, directly supporting the development of efficient and sustainable energy technologies.

This study’s purpose is to explore the factors that support and impede women’s economic empowerment in rural settings of Saudi Arabia. A qualitative study was conducted in particular rural settings of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 rural women. A thematic analysis was performed to analyze and present the findings. The findings reveal the challenges that women face that limit their engagement in economic activities, such as low levels of education, limited access to finance, and societal and cultural barriers. Moreover, there are opportunities for women’s empowerment via technical training, policy reforms and infrastructural development. Hence, women’s engagement in economic activities is vital for their personal development as well as overall economic growth. It is necessary to uplift the economy with women’s engagement in economic activities by emphasizing community-based programs, redesigning gender-sensitive policy and providing initial finance to start activities. Thus, policymakers should focus on creating environments that provide access to technical education, financial inclusion, and startup initiatives. Moreover, tailored programs based on women’s needs in rural settings could be highly supportive in empowering them economically.

Abstract Introduction Lung resection, the surgical removal of part of the lung, is used to treat conditions such as lung cancer, benign tumors, and infections. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is a common minimally invasive approach, but advances in robotics have introduced robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS), which may offer greater efficacy and safety. This study compares VATS and RATS to determine which provides superior clinical outcomes for lung resection. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library from inception to June 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Primary outcomes included Lymph Node Yield and Operative Time. Secondary outcomes included R0 resection rates, post-op complication rates and recurrence rates. Data was analyzed using Review Manager v5.4.1, with random-effects models employed for all outcomes. Results Twenty-nine studies, comprising 66 406 patients, were included. RATS significantly improved the Lymph Node Yield (MD 4.54, 95% c.i. [2.91, 6.17]). It also improved operative time (MD −6.09, 95% c.i. [−13.20, 1.03]), albeit the overall effect was insignificant. RATS significantly improved the odds of R0 resections (OR 1.23, 95% c.i. [1.02, 1.48]), while decreasing the risk of post-op complications (RR 0.86, 95% c.i. [0.75, 0.99]) and recurrence (RR 0.69, 95% c.i. [0.48, 1.00]). Conclusions RATS significantly improve surgical outcomes as well as post operative outcomes for patients of lung cancer, as compared to VATS. With advancements in robotics, making them more accessible and feasible, their clinical efficacy and safety makes RATS a contender to be the gold standard for lung resections.

Background/Objectives: Accurate bone fracture detection is essential for orthopedic diagnosis and trauma management. Manual interpretation of X-ray or CT images can be time-consuming and may lead to inter-observer variability, particularly in subtle or multi-site fracture cases. This study proposes an interpretable Hybrid Selective Feature Network (Hybrid SFNet) to improve multi-site bone fracture detection performance and boundary localization. Methods: The proposed Hybrid SFNet extends the original SFNet architecture by incorporating multi-scale convolutional feature extraction and a semantic flow mechanism to enhance structural representation and fracture boundary delineation. Preprocessing techniques, including Canny edge detection, normalization, and data augmentation, were applied to improve feature quality. Model interpretability was addressed using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) to visualize regions contributing to predictions. The model was evaluated on publicly available multi-site fracture datasets using both standard and class-weighted loss configurations. Results: For binary fracture classification, the proposed model achieved 90 accuracy, 94% precision, 77% recall, and an F1-score of 85% for fractured cases. When class-weighted loss was applied, recall improved to 85%, reducing false negatives from 145 to 94 cases (approximately 35%). Under the weighted configuration, Cohen's Kappa reached 0.79 and the Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) reached 0.76. Conclusions: The proposed Hybrid SFNet provides an interpretable and effective framework for multi-site bone fracture detection. The integration of multi-scale feature extraction and semantic flow mechanisms enhances detection performance and boundary localization, while Grad-CAM supports clinical interpretability. These results indicate the model's potential for supporting clinical decision-making in orthopedic imaging.

Background/Objectives: Bariatric surgery has emerged as an effective intervention for severe obesity; however, post-operative dizziness remains poorly characterized in the literature. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dizziness, imbalance, and hearing problems following bariatric surgery and to identify associated risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 156 patients who underwent bariatric surgery at multiple centers in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected through structured questionnaires assessing demographic characteristics, surgical details, and post-operative vestibular symptoms. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of dizziness. Results: The prevalence of post-operative dizziness was 77.3% (95% CI: 70.0-83.3%), imbalance was 38.0% (95% CI: 30.6-46.0%), and hearing problems were 10.7% (95% CI: 6.7-16.6%). Bivariate logistic regression identified weight loss was significantly associated with dizziness (OR = 1.063, 95% CI: 1.024-1.103, p = 0.001). In the multivariate model, each percentage point increase in weight loss was associated with a 6.1% increased dizziness (adjusted OR = 1.061, 95% CI: 1.017-1.107, p = 0.006). Dizziness was strongly associated with imbalance (chi-square = 14.325, p < 0.001) and falls (chi-square = 7.085, p = 0.008). Conclusions: Vestibular complications, particularly dizziness, are highly prevalent following bariatric surgery and demonstrate a significant dose-response relationship with the magnitude of weight loss. Enhanced awareness and systematic screening for dizziness in post-bariatric patients are warranted.