Malayer University

A hydroponic planting technique employing organically treated anaerobic digestion digestate liquid fertiliser is becoming popular. This study examines the biological treatment of digestate from food processing waste anaerobic digestion using Cosmoball® uncoated and activated carbon-coated plastic media. In a pilot-scale recirculating hydroponic system (RHS), ammonia-to-nitrate conversion and plant development were assessed at varying digestate ammonia concentrations. Bench tests suggest that AC-coated Cosmoball® successfully treats digestate. After 21 days, the nitrate level reached 80 ppm, and 100% ammonia elimination and over 90% of the carbon oxygen demand (COD) were observed. The RHS maintained 116-ppm nitrate but reduced COD treatment to only 62–66%. High pH at the start of the RHS trial required pH control until day 40, after which it stabilised at 6.8. 15-ppm ammonia additions caused a substantial pH drop. Maintaining the pH at 5.8 on the RHS boosted plant growth. Finally, AC-coated media improves nitrification and produces plant-growth nitrate.

This study aims to analyze the influence of omnichannel marketing strategies on customer satisfaction levels in Southeast Asia. The application of the omnichannel marketing concept is becoming increasingly important as the integration of online and offline channels in modern consumer shopping activities increases. This study used a descriptive quantitative approach with a survey method involving 400 respondents from four countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore. Data were collected through an online questionnaire and analyzed using multiple linear regression techniques to determine the influence of each dimension of the omnichannel strategy on customer satisfaction. The results of the study indicate that omnichannel marketing strategies have a positive and significant impact on customer satisfaction. Channel integration is the most dominant factor in increasing satisfaction, followed by service personalization and ease of access to information. Customers in Southeast Asia highly value a consistent and connected shopping experience across online and offline channels. Furthermore, variations in shopping behavior across countries were found, with customers in Singapore and Malaysia prioritizing the efficiency of digital channels, while customers in Indonesia and Thailand still rely on a combination of online and offline channels. These findings offer important implications for retail and e-commerce companies in Southeast Asia to strengthen system integration, enhance customer data-driven personalization, and adapt marketing strategies to local market characteristics. Overall, this study confirms that omnichannel marketing strategies are key to building customer satisfaction and loyalty in the increasingly competitive digital era.

Background and purposeGene therapy has emerged as a transformative strategy for treating genetic and acquired disorders, but its clinical success relies heavily on the development of safe, efficient, and target-specific delivery vectors.Experimental approachThe paper systematically analysed published evidence on liposome composition, physicochemical behaviour, targeting strategies, and their applications in delivering diverse nucleic acids, with emphasis on the structure-function relationships of lipid components and the impact of biophysical parameters on transfection efficiency.Key resultsCurrent findings demonstrate that the molecular architecture of cationic, neutral, and anionic lipids, particularly variations in head groups, linkers, and hydrophobic tails, strongly dictates liposome stability, cellular uptake, and cargo release. Biophysical attributes such as vesicle size, zeta potential, membrane fluidity, fusion capacity, and PEGylation were identified as major determinants of in vivo fate. Active targeting through ligands, including antibodies, peptides, folate, and aptamers, enhances cell-specific delivery, while combinatorial approaches with physical enhancement techniques such as sonoporation and electroporation further improve nucleic acid transport.ConclusionBy integrating structural, functional, and application-based insights, this review highlights key design principles for optimizing next-generation liposomal vectors, although challenges remain in achieving consistent in vivo performance and clinical translation. The work advances the field by offering a unified framework to guide rational engineering of liposomal platforms for gene therapy.

Abstract The seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frames with masonry infill walls is strongly affected by the presence of openings, which are unavoidable for architectural reasons. While previous research has often neglected or simplified the role of openings, this study presents a systematic parametric investigation of infilled RC subassemblies with both window- and door-type openings. The analysis explicitly considers opening size (Ao/Ai ratio), position (central vs. eccentric), and the presence of vertical confining elements (ties/serklaži). Using a calibrated micromodelling framework, the study quantifies component-wise shear resistance contributions of the RC frame, masonry infill, and confinement across different drift levels associated with EMS-98 damage grades. Results show that opening size and eccentricity substantially influence stiffness degradation and load transfer, with eccentric door openings imposing shear demands on the RC frame that often exceed the bare-frame design capacity. Vertical confinement proves effective at early damage stages (DG1–DG2), delaying infill degradation and enhancing out-of-plane stability, but its relative contribution remains below 20% and diminishes at higher drifts. Comparison with previous unconfined benchmarks highlights that vertical ties improve both shear resistance and safety against expulsion, establishing infills as integral parts of the seismic load-resisting system. Practical trends and interpolation ranges are proposed to inform design and to support future refinement of the contemporary building code provisions and guidelines.