Metropolitan University of Technology

This investigation reports the fabrication and comprehensive functional evaluation of a newly engineered hybrid nanocomposite composed of gallium nitride (GaN) integrated with a poly(3-methylthiophene)-co-poly(indole) (P3MTH–PID) copolymer, synthesized via a straightforward chemical oxidative polymerization route. GaN nanoparticles were prepared using a supercritical ammonia method and subsequently combined with P3MTH–PID nanofibers to form a uniform hybrid structure. Structural and surface analyses confirmed robust π–π stacking interactions between the GaN scaffold and the P3MTH–PID copolymer matrix, which facilitated efficient charge delocalization and ensured homogeneous nanofiber distribution across the GaN interface. The hybrid material exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic sensitivity toward albendazole (ABZ), as demonstrated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), achieving a detection limit (DL) of 1.372 × 10⁻⁸ M µA⁻¹ and a quantification limit (QL) of 4.352 × 10⁻⁸ M µA⁻¹. Furthermore, the hybrid displayed excellent photocatalytic performance, enabling complete discoloration of methylene blue (MB) within 30 minutes under UV–visible irradiation, with a kinetic rate constant of 78.66 × 10⁻² min⁻¹. Beyond sensing and photocatalysis, the GaN–P3MTH–PID hybrid also showed significant promise in energy storage applications. In a three-electrode configuration, it delivered a high specific capacitance of 294.25 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹, while a symmetric supercapacitor device (2 × 2 cm²) assembled from the same material exhibited comparable capacitance and excellent long-term cycling stability. Collectively, these findings highlight that the GaN–P3MTH–PID hybrid integrates superior electrochemical, photocatalytic, and sensing functionalities with strong stability and biocompatibility, making it a highly versatile candidate for sustainable and multifunctional energy storage and environmental applications.

Physical exercise is a potent non-pharmacological strategy for the prevention and management of Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a multifactorial disorder characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the benefits of exercise extend beyond caloric expenditure and are largely mediated by coordinated molecular and cellular adaptations within the liver and peripheral tissues. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms through which exercise modulates MASLD pathophysiology, emphasizing intracellular signaling pathways, mitochondrial remodeling, antioxidant defenses, and myokine-driven muscle-liver crosstalk. Exercise induces acute and chronic activation of pathways such as AMPK, PGC-1α, Nrf2, and Akt, resulting in enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, improved fatty acid oxidation, restored insulin signaling, and reduced inflammatory and oxidative stress. Repeated skeletal muscle contraction stimulates the release of myokines-including irisin, IL-6, and FGF21-that act through endocrine and paracrine routes to regulate hepatic lipid metabolism, promote systemic metabolic flexibility, and attenuate disease progression. Epigenetic modifications and exercise-responsive microRNAs further contribute to long-term hepatic metabolic reprogramming. Collectively, these molecular adaptations position exercise as a systemic, disease-modifying stimulus capable of restoring hepatic homeostasis, slowing the transition from steatosis to NASH and fibrosis, and improving long-term metabolic health. Understanding these mechanisms provides a foundation for developing targeted, personalized exercise-based interventions in the clinical management of MASLD.

In present work, tribology tests were enacted to analyze the wear behavior of composite reinforced with Aloe vera, Corn, Eucalyptus and Soybean Fiber and Epoxy resin. Fatigue and creep tests were accomplished to evaluate the strength of prepared composite specimen under fluctuating and static load conditions. Tribological analysis revealed that hybrid composites achieved higher frictional force as compared to single fiber-based composites. Hybrid ACESE composite exhibits maximum frictional force of 14.01 N, 35.78 N and 37.46 N at 10, 30 and 50 N load for 5 m/s sliding speed as compared to other prepared composite specimens. COF of prepared composite samples were calculated at different sliding speeds (3, 5 and 7 m/s) and applied load of 10, 30 and 50 N load. Hybrid ACESE composite shows maximum value of COF at 10, 30 and 50 N load for 3, 5 and 7 m/s sliding speed. Sliding speed (3, 5 and 7 m/s) with respect to applied load (10, 30 and 50 N) shows the variations in specific wear rate (SWR) for all prepared specimens. During tribological analysis, higher frictional force achieved by hybrid ACESE composite exhibits the highest value of interfacial temperature at 5 m/s sliding speed for 10, 30 and 50 N applied load. While the lower value of frictional force achieved by CE composite displays the lowest value of interfacial temperature at 5 m/s sliding speed for 10, 30 and 50 N applied load. The fatigue test illustrated that hybrid ACESE composite attained the highest fatigue number of cycles at 3822, 3217 and 2218 for 25, 50 and 75% UTS. While CE composites resulted in the lowest fatigue number of cycles at 2234, 1826, and 1219 for 25, 50 and 75% UTS among all prepared specimens.