Minghsin University of Science and Technology

Within this theoretical framework, the IEP is not merely a legal and administrative document but can also be understood as a pedagogical design tool. By embedding individualized goals and support strategies into everyday science inquiry activities, teachers are able to respond to children’s differences in developmental pace, expressive ability, and social interaction within a shared curriculum structure. The integration of IEP and early childhood science learning not only addresses individual needs but also deepens the practice of differentiated instruction in inclusive educational contexts. This article explores the potential integration of the Individualized Education Program (IEP) into early childhood science learning, grounded in the principles of differentiated instruction and inquiry-based education. The aim is to provide young children with more individualized and responsive science learning experiences. Differentiated instruction emphasizes that teachers should adjust curriculum goals, instructional processes, and the forms of learning outcomes according to learners’ differences in ability, interests, and readiness, thereby promoting active participation and effective learning for every student. Through differentiated curriculum design, teachers are able to address both the collective needs of the class and the individual needs of each child within a shared curriculum structure, fostering a truly inclusive science learning environment.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the risk of developing systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs) among pediatric patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) treated with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) versus interleukin-6 inhibitors (IL-6i), based on real-world data.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective real-world cohort study using the TriNetX Research Network, which contains data from over 122 million patients. Individuals ≤18 years of age with a diagnosis of JIA who initiated TNFi or IL-6i therapy between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2024, were included. Propensity score matching (1:1) was performed to balance baseline characteristics. The primary outcome was the incidence of SADs. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, and subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess robustness.ResultsAfter matching, 1,192 patients were included in each cohort. The TNFi group demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of SADs than the IL-6i group (17 vs. 45 events; HR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.20–0.63). Subgroup analyses showed consistent protective effects of TNFi across age, sex, and concomitant medication strata. Sensitivity analyses across three adjusted models confirmed the robustness of the findings, yielding HRs ranging from 0.28 to 0.46.ConclusionAmong pediatric patients with JIA, TNF inhibitor therapy was associated with a substantially lower risk of developing systemic autoimmune diseases compared with IL-6 inhibitor therapy. These findings may inform biologic selection and long-term safety considerations in pediatric rheumatologic practice.

This paper presents a cost-effective bidirectional communication system that integrates single-mode fiber (SMF), free-space optical (FSO) link, and a 5G new radio (NR) wireless links, employing FBG sensors. The sensors serve as wavelength selectors, reducing signal loss and system costs. This approach is simpler and more affordable than advanced filtering techniques, wavelength demultiplexers, and multiple distributed feedback laser diode sources. The system supports a downstream data rate of 120-Gb/s (3 × 40-Gb/s/100-GHz) using wavelength division multiplexing, while the upstream transmission supports 60-Gb/s (3 × 20-Gb/s/60-GHz). These data rates are transmitted over a 32 km SMF, a 1.6 km FSO, and a 25 m 5G NR wireless link. Experimental results show that removing the FBG sensor from the downstream receiver setup leads to significant signal degradation. Specifically, the bit error rate (BER) increases from 2.04×10<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> (λ<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub>) to 4.68×10<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> (λ<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub>) and 2.29×10<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> (λ<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub>) to 5.75×10<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> (λ<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub>). Similarly, the error vector magnitude (EVM) rises from 10.53% (λ<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub>) to 11.57% (λ<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub>) and 10.70% (λ<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub>) to 11.70% (λ<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub>). Moreover, the constellation patterns become less defined. Under foggy conditions, these issues become more severe, with BER and EVM increasing significantly. Thus, the presence of the FBG sensor in the downstream receiver setup improved system performance. This approach offers a cost effective solution for expanding 5G NR coverage.

In this study, the periodic Mo/Si films and TiO₂ film were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering and atomic layer deposition at Si substrate, respectively. Effects of the thickness of the TiO₂ film and annealing temperature (200~400 &deg;C) in H₂ gas on the microstructure, surface roughness and optical properties were investigated. It was found that the EUV reflectivity of all samples were decreased after annealing in H₂ gas. The EUV reflectivity of the as-deposited, 200 &deg;C and 300 &deg;C annealed periodic Mo/Si films was 67.8%, 18.7% and 12.9%, respectively. The EUV reflectivity of the as-deposited, 200 &deg;C and 300 &deg;C annealed periodic Mo/Si films with TiO₂ film (thickness 1 nm) was 66.4%, 64.1% and 32%, respectively. The interface diffusion of annealed Mo/Si films and Mo/Si films with TiO₂ film were observed by HRTEM and it was increased with increasing the annealed temperature. It obviously caused the difference in the EUV reflectivity of the annealed Mo/Si films and Mo/Si films with TiO₂ film. Based on the reflectivity results of the as-deposited and annealed investigation, the TiO₂ thin film by ALD as the protective film for EUV application was been confirmed.

This article explores the application of digital twin technology to enhance the operation of wafer sawing machines in materials handling and semiconductor manufacturing. An empirical study was conducted on the packaging production line at Minghsin University of Science and Technology, aimed at addressing talent training challenges and the imbalance between supply and demand in the industry. The research focuses on designing and developing an integrated system that combines digital twin and mixed reality technologies. The development process involved multiple stages, including on-site visits, machine operation instruction, certification content creation, expert validation, small-scale testing, and iterative improvements. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the system by comparing pre- and post-experiment scores provided by industry experts, analyzing operation times of five participants, and gathering qualitative feedback. Results indicate that simulation training using digital twin and mixed reality significantly enhances participants' scores and operational proficiency. This research presents a digital twin-based training and certification model that effectively improves students' success rates in certification exams.

This paper proposes a 10× zoom-ratio optical design with intermediate optics to maximize image size and minimize the front diameter. Image size and front diameter have generally been regarded as inevitable trade-offs since the development of zoom optics started in the 1950s. As a result of fast computer-aided optical design, optics with a fixed focal length have gained success in large image planes and in very compact lenses; however, it remains a critical topic in high-ratio zoom optics. In the proposed high-zoom-ratio optics, the diameter remains fixed, whereas the image size increases by up to four times, which dramatically enhances performance. The proposed optical design exhibited excellent performance in highly demanding specifications.