Mining and Geological Survey of Hungary

The OAE 1d is one of the oceanic anoxic events that punctuate the Cretaceous and represent Earth system-wide changes prominently captured by carbon isotope excursions (CIE). Although the positive CIE near the Albian/Cenomanian boundary (ACB) is known from multiple localities, many of these records disagree in the shape of the δ 13 C curve. Interpretations of OAE 1d and a broader ACB Event (ACBE) remain ambiguous, and their duration is insufficiently constrained. Here we present new analyses on high-resolution samples from Core Jásd-42. The >450 m thick Pénzeskút Marl Fm. provides an expanded record across the ACBE. We generated elemental and stable isotope geochemical data and used these time series for cyclostratigraphic analyses. The derived astrochronologic age model establishes a depositional duration of 4.4–4.83 Myr and is integrated with ammonite and planktonic foraminifera biostratigraphy. This high-resolution chemostratigraphy provides a new, calibrated record of OAE 1d and the ACBE that we correlate with other reference sections, including the GSSP. A minimum estimate of 1.23 Myr and 2.28 Myr is obtained for OAE 1d and the ACBE, respectively. For the latter, a minimum of 602 kyr is assigned to the rising limb, 748 kyr to the culminating interval, and 931 kyr to the falling limb in the δ 13 C carb curve. The δ 13 C record through OAE 1d appears orbitally controlled, where the positive peaks are paced by long eccentricity. Considering the differences between seasonality extremes, we suggest a model for depositional cyclicity in a synorogenic basin with a high sedimentation rate of 9–15 cm/kyr. • Expanded stratigraphic record of the Albian-Cenomanian transition from a core section • High-resolution C isotope stratigraphy of OAE 1d and the Albian-Cenomanian Boundary Event (ACBE) • Biostratigraphically anchored astrochronology from geochemical time-series spans 4.4–4.83 Myr • Calibrated, highly resolved record of OAE 1d and ACBE correlated with the GSSP and other sections • Model for depositional cyclicity in an Alpine synorogenic basin with high sedimentation rate

Abstract The Jurassic/Cretaceous transition was characterized by several distinct palaeoenvironmental processes and events, amongst which some of the best known are the late Tithonian–early Berriasian aridization and the late Berriasian tectonic reactivation in the Neotethyan Collision Belt. This study aims to reconstruct the latest Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous palaeoenvironment and its evolution in the area of the Transdanubian Range (Hárskút and Lókút successions, Hungary), and provide new data on the relation between climate changes, palaeoceanography and marine ecosystems. Herein, calcareous nannofossil and geochemical data are presented and put into a geochronological framework in order to evaluate and compare palaeoenvironmental signals recorded in the two studied successions; the resultant scenario is compared with published literature data from both the western Tethyan region and northern Europe. Accordingly, in the Transdanubian Range, the relatively humid climate of the early Tithonian was followed by the late Tithonian–early Berriasian arid phase and the late Berriasian humidification. Besides, two intervals of palaeoceanographic perturbations were documented in the upper Tithonian–lowermost Berriasian (OD I), and the lower/upper Berriasian transition beds (OD II); these are manifested by the record of seafloor hypoxia and elevated accumulations of micronutrients, as well as changes in calcareous nannofossil assemblages. In the view of this study, the most probable trigger of the late Tithonian–early Berriasian aridization was a restriction in the atmospheric circulation (including monsoons), which was forced by climate cooling and lowering thermal gradient between landmasses and the ocean. Under such conditions, the mechanism of a wind‐induced water mixing might become less efficient, driving seawater stratification, seafloor hypoxia and increased burial of nutrients. Although the humid climate of the late Berriasian likely resumed the monsoon‐type circulation, the tectonic reactivation and uplift in the NeoTethyan Collision Belt might have effectively separated the Bakony Basin from the ‘open’ NeoTethys, which hampered the marine circulation and efficient water mixing in the former.

This study discusses 1) the national legislative frameworks, terminologies, and criteria for the recognition of natural mineral waters and thermal waters in selected European countries (Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Denmark, France, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Spain), and 2) it provides a first extensive multi-national overview of hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characteristics of numerous water sources from those regions. Natural mineral waters are well defined and regulated in the European Union by the Directives 2009/54/EC and 2003/40/EC that are implemented by national law regulations. In contrast, no legal definition exists for thermal waters on an EU level and national definitions commonly differ or are not present. Defining thermal waters by water temperatures of at least 20 °C at the outlet is commonly found (6 out of 15 countries), but other definitions like considering the difference to the average air temperature are also present. Furthermore, no definitions on a national level are quite frequent (5 out of 15 countries), those countries preferentially refer to expert recognitions. We considered 678 natural mineral waters and 2,390 thermal waters in this study and collected information on practical use, hydrogeological settings and hydrogeochemical conditions. The comparison of the datasets shows commonalities like a predominance porous aquifers, especially sandy aquifers, and sedimentary carbonate rock aquifers (limestone, dolomite, chalk). Furthermore, natural mineral waters commonly show TDS contents of less than 1 g/l and alkaline-earth-HCO3 water types. Surprisingly, 21 % of the considered sources bear water temperatures above 20 °C and could be considered as thermal waters as well. Thermal waters – the majority (above 30 °C) is found in Hungary - usually show water temperatures between 20 and 70 °C and TDS contents between 1 and 14.5 g/l. The hydrogeochemical properties show a larger variation in contrast to natural mineral waters, but Na-(HCO3, Cl) waters seem to be most commonly found.

During Earth’s history, geosphere-biosphere interactions were often determined by momentary, catastrophic changes such as large explosive volcanic eruptions. The Miocene ignimbrite flare-up in the Pannonian Basin, which is located along a complex convergent plate boundary between Europe and Africa, provides a superb example of this interaction. In North Hungary, the famous Ipolytarnóc Fossil Site, often referred to as “ancient Pompeii”, records a snapshot of rich Early Miocene life buried under thick ignimbrite cover. Here, we use a multi-technique approach to constrain the successive phases of a catastrophic silicic eruption (VEI ≥ 7) dated at 17.2 Ma. An event-scale reconstruction shows that the initial PDC phase was phreatomagmatic, affecting ≥ 1500 km2 and causing the destruction of an interfingering terrestrial–intertidal environment at Ipolytarnóc. This was followed by pumice fall, and finally the emplacement of up to 40 m-thick ignimbrite that completely buried the site. However, unlike the seemingly similar AD 79 Vesuvius eruption that buried Pompeii by hot pyroclastic density currents, the presence of fallen but uncharred tree trunks, branches, and intact leaves in the basal pyroclastic deposits at Ipolytarnóc as well as rock paleomagnetic properties indicate a low-temperature pyroclastic event, that superbly preserved the coastal habitat, including unique fossil tracks.

<p>The magnetic and plasma observations of Low-Earth orbit (LEO) space missions represent not only the dynamical state of the ionosphere but also the physical variations of its electromagnetically connected surroundings, i.e. of the plasmasphere and magnetosphere, as well as of their driver, the solar wind. The monitoring of the ionosphere plasma variables is therefore a big asset for the study of our space environment in broad spatial region. Within the framework of the EPHEMERIS project supported by ESA, we aim at investigating two ionosphere phenomena that exhibit close relationship to global physical processes and space weather activity. We use the magnetic and plasma records of the LEO Swarm mission. First, we investigate the temporal and spatial occurrences of the mid-latitude ionosphere trough (MIT), a typical feature of the topside sub-auroral ionosphere appearing as a few degree wide depleted zone, where electron density (Ne) drops by orders of magnitude. It is shown that the locations of MITs are excellent proxies for the detection of the plasmapause position as well as of the equatorward edge of the auroral oval. Secondly, we monitor the irregular fluctuations of the magnetic field along the Swarm orbits via their intermittent behaviour. A new index called intermittency index (IMI) is introduced for the quantitative exemplification of the spatial and temporal distribution of irregular variations at the Swarm spacecraft altitudes. The paper focuses on the introduction of the methodology of IMI time-series compilation. Since IMIs are deduced via a statistical approach, we use the 50 Hz sampling frequency magnetic field records of the mission. We show that most frequently, the ionosphere magnetic field irregularities occur at low-latitudes, about the dip equator and at high latitudes, around the auroral region. It is conjectured that the equatorial events are the results of equatorial spread F (ESF) or equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) phenomena, while the auroral irregularities are related to field-aligned currents (FAC). The ionosphere plasma irregularities may result in the distortion or loss of GPS signals. Therefore our analysis also concerns the investigation of the correlation between observed intermittent events in the ionosphere and contemporary GPS signal loss events and scintillations detected both by on-board Swarm GPS receivers and ground GNSS stations.</p>

Abstract In June 2017 a new sauropod trackway locality was discovered in the central part of the Adriatic–Dinaric Carbonate Platform (ADCP), on the island of Hvar (Croatia). The track site is situated on the northern shore of the western edge (Pelegrin) of the island in the upper Turonian – lower Coniacian limestone series. The track site contains altogether 13 footprints arranged in four possible trackways. The largest footprints have a diameter up to 80 cm. In some places the limestone surface is strongly karstified and the tracks are partly eroded, which has certainly modified the original shape and size of the footprints. Microfossil assemblage from the track-bearing beds suggest an early Coniacian age for the tracks. The new trackways on Hvar Island further strengthen the earlier hypothesis that sauropods were present in the western Tethyan archipelago during the late Cenomanian–late Campanian period. In addition, the new tracks, together with those from the Žukova Cove of Hvar, represent two, possibly slightly different stratigraphic horizons close to the Turonian–Coniacian boundary, and suggest that the occurrence of sauropods on the ADCP and possibly also on other parts of the Apulian microplate was not accidental, but rather periodical and more frequent than previously thought.

A Magyar Királyi Állami Földtani Intézet és jogutódjai 150 éves történetük alatt Magyarország geológiai térképezésének legfontosabb bázisintézményei voltak. Az intézet történetének első rendszeres, közepes méretarányú földtani térképműve Magyarország (nem teljes) 1:144,000 méretarányú geológiai térképsorozata volt. A térképmű a Habsburg Birodalom második katonai felmérésének nyomtatott ún. részletes térképeit használta topográfiai alapként, amelyre kézi színezéssel vitték fel a földtani tartalom felületi jeleit. A térképmű több szelvénye két, néhány pedig három, különböző színezésben is megtalálható az intézet könyvtárában. Minthogy a térképmű készítése megelőzte, ill. részben egybeesett a nemzetközi földtani jelkulcsot egységesítő bolognai kongresszussal, egyik változat színei sem egyeznek meg a ma szokásossal. Megadjuk a térképmű georeferálásához szükséges metaadatokat, illetve egy mintaterületen (Balaton-felvidék) bemutatjuk az 1:144 000-es térképművön és a mai földtani alaptérképen ábrázolt bazalt-területek kiterjedésének eltérését.

This paper investigates the characteristics and the metrological limits of the calibration of spring type gravimeters by using a cylindrical test mass moved vertically around the gravimeter by a lifting device operated in the Mátyáshegy Observatory. The movement of the 3100 kg iron mass generates a sinusoid-like calibrating signal having a peak-to-peak amplitude of 1102 nm s−2. The careful determination of the geometrical and physical parameters of the test mass combined with the analytical modeling of its gravitational effect and the related uncertainties provides an accuracy of 3 nm s−2 in absolute sense. The overall accuracy, however, is influenced by several other instrumental and environmental factors which are investigated in detail. The conclusions are based on more than 400 experiments with 5 LCR G instruments. As a unique case a Scintrex CG-5 instrument was also involved in the tests what is probably the very first moving mass calibration of this type of gravimeters.Two processing methods, Max-Min and Full-Fit, based on L2 norm adjustment of the observations were developed and applied to obtain instrumental scale factor and other related parameters.The results show that the observations corrected for the disturbing effects still contain a systematic constituent with amplitude of (10–20) nm s−2 regardless which LCR instrument was calibrated. It resembles the second time derivative of the calibrating signal that may indicate the non-uniform elastic response of the spring sensors to the rate of gravity change. Due to the problems mentioned above the overall dispersion of the resultant random and non-random residuals of the calibration observations provided by Full-Fit method are typically 10 nm s−2. The a posteriori standard deviations of the individual scale factors provide, however, measurement accuracy of 2 nm s−2.