Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería

A theoretical formalism is developed for the dilatational viscoelastic modulus (ε) at fluid interfaces stabilized by mixtures of n soluble, nonionic surfactants. The model generalizes the diffusion–adsorption treatment by explicitly considering the coupling between the diffusive fluxes of each component and the dependence of the surface tension (σ) on the complete composition of the interfacial monolayer (Γi). An analytical expression for the complex modulus ε is derived regarding the equilibrium surface concentrations, diffusion coefficients, and the partial derivatives that define the interfacial equation of state and adsorption isotherms. It is rigorously demonstrated that this general formalism converges to established limiting cases in the literature: the Lucassen–van den Tempel model for a single surfactant and the models developed for binary mixtures by Jiang et al. and Joos. The framework is applied to analyze experimental data of the literature for a ternary mixture of ethoxylated alcohols (C10EO5/C12EO5/C14EO8) by Fainerman et al. The analysis reveals that the predictive fidelity of the formalism is critically dependent on the suitability of the selected thermodynamic adsorption model, underscoring that an accurate description of the interfacial equation of state and adsorption isotherms is an indispensable prerequisite for the quantitative implementation of the dynamic theory.

Este artículo analiza la trayectoria de los Premios Nacionales de Urbanismo en España en sus diferentes etapas, en particular la primera, que va de 1978-1987 y en la más reciente, de 2004 a 2010. En cada una de ellas se realiza un rápido repaso descriptivo de las convocatorias anuales y sus resultados, acompañado de una recopilación bibliográfica de los proyectos premiados con el objeto de facilitar al lector interesado la profundización en su conocimiento. Finalmente, se ofrecen también unos apuntes sintéticos para lectura de la historia del urbanismo español de estos últimos 50 años.

La importancia de la provisión universal de servicios energéticos no fue reconocida hasta 1986 en el informe Brundtland. Como consecuencia, la pobreza energética, pobreza en combustibles o pobreza en el transporte, entre otros, ha tardado más de dos décadas en reconocerse como un reto social para los diferentes agentes. El objetivo de este Cuaderno es abordar la pobreza energética en general, en el Norte Global y el Sur Global, su conceptualización, principales unidades de medida y políticas para afrontarlas. Igualmente se presenta cómo todo lo anterior se encuadra en el marco del calentamiento global y la transición energética; con el fin de detectar principales prácticas y formas de actuación, así como posibles puntos en común entre unas medidas y otras para comprender en qué medida se trata de un mismo problema, falta de un nivel adecuado de servicios energéticos domésticos, pero en diferentes estadios temporales y entornos geográficos. Artículos en Prensa: 15 abril 2025

Objective: to determine the oral health status perception of adolescents and young adults in drug dependence treatment. Material and Method: a qualitative research model was proposed. The theoretical sample by saturation consisted of adolescent population and young adults hospitalized in the Portal Amarillo center (the National Drug Information and Reference Center, Montevideo, Uruguay). Inclusion criteria: a) being between 15 and 24 years old. b) being in treatment for drug abuse. Exclusion criteria: a) non-lucid patients. b) non-collaborating patients. Results: participants considered oral health as having clean, white and aligned teeth; and oral disease as the presence of caries, bleeding gums and communicable diseases; chewing, aesthetics and taste were seen as altered functions. Before becoming drug consumers, oral hygiene was regular, after meals and as instructed; once addiction began, hygiene was very irregular at best (if they remember to do it), and without reinforcement of the instruction. Prior to drug consumption, participants were students or held a job; they had a good family life, with a partner or in search of one. After consumption, they report self-marginalization, loss of contact with partners and children, isolation from the family and social discrimination. Addiction makes it difficult for them to access dental care, except in urgent situations. Conclusions: Young people in treatment for drug dependence are aware that addiction damages oral health, deteriorating aesthetics, affecting oral functions, self-esteem and quality of life.

La crisis general de la minería en los años 60 y 70 deja una inmensa cantidad de vestigios dispersos por toda España. Las extracciones alteran gravemente el medio natural, lo que se intenta paliar con disposiciones legales que se van actualizando desde los 80. Se realizan proyectos de restauración en varias explotaciones, que al principio se limitan a intervenciones sencillas de corrección paisajística. Al crecer la sensibilidad ambiental, aparecen proyectos más ambiciosos. Al mismo tiempo, las minas se empiezan a apreciar como lugares de memoria e identidad local. Sin embargo, la preocupación por eliminar la contaminación da lugar, a menudo, a la destrucción de este patrimonio. Este artículo examina primero la evolución de la legislación minera en relación con los proyectos de restauración. Y a continuación plantea algunas reflexiones sobre el difícil equilibrio entre la remediación ambiental y la valorización patrimonial en la experiencia española. The general crisis of mining sector in the 60s and 70s leaves a huge amount of traces dispersed throughout Spain. Besides that, extractive operations provoke serious alterations on the natural environment that start to be controlled by legal regulations which are being renovated since the 80s. In this context, restoration works get place in various mining sites which in the beginning are limited to simple landscape interventions. Since environmental awareness increases, some more ambitious projects start to appear. At the same time, mines start to be valued as places of memory and local identity. However, the necessity to eliminate contamination results, in many cases, to the destruction of mining heritage. The article examines the evolution of mining legislation in relation to restoration projects. And secondly, some reflections are offered on the difficult balance between environmental remediation and heritage valorisationthrough examples from Spain.

Uruguay has experienced a real energy revolution. The country, radically transformed in a little more than a decade the way in which it supplies energy to its internal market and its positioning in the region. The incorporation of wind energy and photovoltaic solar energy are systematically associated with this transformation, while the role that the electricity generation from biomass has played during this period is almost unknown. Perhaps the most relevant result in relation to biomass can be summarized with the following data: for the first time in recent history, in 2016, the share of –domestic and renewable – biomass exceeded the share of imported fossil resources in the primary energy supply mix. This paper analyzes the main milestones the use of biomass has had in Uruguay, with special focus on electricity generation from this resource and the main challenges this activity currently faces and the ones expected to have in the future.

Mine tailings release various genotoxic compounds into the environment. The surrounding river basins are the most affected, which is why it is important to determine the quality of their waters. The Micronucleus (MN) test quantifies the genotoxic damage produced in the erythrocytes of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) by the action of genotoxic compounds present in the waters of contaminated rivers. Therefore, the present investigation analyzed five points in the Ramis River basin (department of Puno, Peru) using the MN test and Zebrafish as a bioindicator, which were evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure to three different volumes (1X, 1/2X and 1/4X) for each sampled point. Among the most notable results, after 24 hours of exposure, we have the sample taken from the Lunar de Oro lagoon (M5) that was fatal (100%) at 1X; while the sample taken from Pampilla (M4) presented up to 23% MN at 1/2X; and the sample from the Taraco River (M1) presented 12% MN. The analysis after 48 and 72 hours of exposure showed the presence of a maximum of 5% of MN for all samples. With this we can conclude that the MN test serves as a rapid and effective genotoxicity test to determine the water quality of rivers contaminated by mining tailings.