Ministry of Defense

The rapid pace of hypersonic weapons development sets the task for all countries of the world to revise their defensive strategies in the shortest possible time and invest in new technologies for intercepting hypersonic aerial vehicles (hereinafter HAV). This article is the first part of a study that reviews the development of hypersonic weapons in the world and examines their advantages over other types of weapons. In order to solve the problem of hypersonic weapons interception, classical guidance methods for various types of targets are analyzed, and the impossibility of their application is substantiated. An analysis of the existing airborne weapons of aviation complexes and anti–aircraft guided missiles of air defense systems was also carried out, which showed that in terms of speed characteristics they lag significantly behind hypersonic aerial vehicles and cannot catch up with them. The main difficulty in solving the guidance problem has been determined, which consists in determining the coordinates of the interception point of a hypersonic weapon in conditions of significant speed exceeding the speed of an aircraft weapon. In the second part of the article a solution to this problem will be presented using the developed method of air navigation support for an advanced military-technical system for flight control and interception of individual HAV

BACKGROUND:Gunshot wounds to the abdomen are among the most severe and widespread injuries, both in wartime and in peacetime. Despite the widespread use of personal protective equipment, there is a trend towards an increase in their share in the overall structure of combat injuries, which in modern armed conflicts reaches 9-13%. AIM: To demonstrate the most important tactical approaches to providing surgical care for gunshot wounds of the abdomen in a 3rd-level military medical organization, taking into account the structure of injuries and the features of the course of traumatic disease. METHODS: The features of injuries and the main clinical indicators were studied in 207 patients with gunshot wounds of the abdomen who were admitted to a 3rd-level military medical organization at various stages of medical evacuation. The structure of surgical interventions performed at this stage was analyzed. The immediate results of surgical treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: Primary surgeries were performed on 35 (17%) patients. Repeated interventions within the framework of the damage control tactics were performed on 143 (69%) wounded. There were no indications for surgical treatment at the stage of the 3rd level military medical organization in 29 (14%) wounded. Multisystem injuries, coupled with the reduced volume of surgeries performed at the preceding stage of evacuation, required the implementation of a wide range of surgical interventions. In most cases, they were performed at the most favorable time from the perspective of the course of traumatic disease, which allowed not only to fully implement the damage control tactics, but also to perform reconstructive interventions in more than 37% of patients with extensive intestinal tract injuries, as well as to eliminate laparostomy in 28.7% of the wounded. The frequency of postoperative complications in the 3rd level military medical organization was 14.3%, and the hospital mortality rate was 2.4%. CONCLUSION: Military medical organizations of the 3rd level play a key role in coordinating and implementing a treatment program for abdominal combat trauma, as it is at this stage that there are sufficient human and material resources to provide the necessary surgical care at the most favorable time for the course of traumatic disease. The main tactical approaches in its implementation include controlling injuries and infectious foci, as well as correcting the shortcomings of previous interventions. In addition, it is advisable to perform reconstructive interventions on the intestinal tract and remove the laparostomy in a Level 3 military medical facility for some of the wounded.

The problem of constructing estimates of the reliability of monitoring the technical condition of a fleet of complex technical systems (CTS) with metrological support is investigated. The classical semi-Markov stationary model of CTS functioning used includes the following technical conditions: operational, failure, verification of a failed CTS sample, verification of a working sample, false failure condition, undetected failure condition, restoration (repair). The main indicator of the effectiveness of the CTS fleet is the coefficient of readiness for its intended use. To maintain the availability coefficient at a high level, periodic inspections are carried out during normal operation of the fleet with optimal frequency and optimal tolerance for the controlled parameter. To assess the reliability of finding the CTS in these states, four indicators are proposed: correctness, accuracy, completeness, and the F1 metric, which are used in the theory of artificial intelligence as binary classifier metrics. The simulation of the processes of the CTS fleet functioning in different modes and under different conditions has been carried out. The effect of the interval between verifications, tolerance on the controlled parameter, failure rate, recovery time on reliability indicators and the coefficient is shown ready. The use of reliability indicators will allow the operator of the CTS park with metrological support to comprehensively analyze up-to-date operational information about the current state of the park, develop and apply park management strategies depending on the current situation. The results obtained can be implemented and used in the decision support system for operational remote control of the CTS fleet.

A group of men with hypertension (HT) was examined. The patients were divided into three groups: those with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), those with persistent AF, and those with coronary artery disease (CAD) (2–3 FC angina).When analyzing the parameters of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, it was revealed that patients with GB and AF are more likely to have high–grade arterial hypertension (AH) (up to 50%), and in patients with GB and CHD — normorenin hypertension (60%). Among patients with high-RH hypertension, significantly higher renin values were noted in the group with persistent AF and coronary artery disease. Against the background of taking antihypertensive therapy (b-blockers and BAR), the level of aldosterone was within the normal range in all examined patients. The high level of angiotensin II in the group of persons with high-renin AH and AF requires further study. Hypokalemia was detected only in patients with hypertension and paroxysmal AF in 13.4% of cases. It should be noted that a low level of K + from 3.5 to 3.9 mmol/L was detected in 34.2% of patients with paroxysmal AF and in 30% of patients with persistent AF. No correlation was found between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the K + level.

Aeromedical evacuation of casualties, wounded, and sick patients in local and global military conflicts has a significant impact on the outcome and return time of such personnel. This role of aviation is difficult to overestimate. However, the risks associated with air transportation must also be considered. The main problem is that the requirements for such transportation haven't been clearly defined yet, as well as there aren't any general recommendations outlining the indications, contraindications, possible timing, and conditions for such evacuation. The only exception is the recommendations published in 2003 [1], which concern the air travel of patients with various acute and subacute conditions on civilian aircraft. Such recommendations are applicable not only to personnel transportation but also to the evacuation of people from natural disaster zones, terrorist threats, and other emergency situations. Based on this, it should be noted that the development of standards for medical support for aeromedical evacuation of patients with the most common types of surgical pathology is urgent and requires resolution in the near future.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of topiramate monotherapy in treating episodic and chronic cluster headaches and its impact on headache-related disability and quality-of-life areas not sufficiently addressed in previous literature. A prospective observational study was conducted between October 2023 and December 2024, including 51 adults diagnosed with cluster headache. Exclusion criteria were other headache types, prior anticonvulsant use, malignancy, pregnancy, or lactation. Patients received topiramate starting at 25mg/day, titrated weekly up to 100mg. VAS (0 to 10) and HIT-6 scores were used to assess treatment efficacy and quality of life weekly. The cohort was predominantly male (64.7%) with a mean age of 38.6 years. Significant reductions in both HIT-6 and VAS scores were observed over time in all patients, with similar efficacy between first-line and follow-up users. Chronic patients started with higher HIT-6 scores and showed slower improvement than episodic cases. Somnolence was the most common side effect (19.6%), but no patients discontinued treatment. In this observational cohort, topiramate monotherapy was associated with reductions in pain severity and headache-related disability and was generally well tolerated. These findings suggest that topiramate may be considered as a potential first-line or alternative prophylactic option in selected patients, particularly when treatment choices are limited or polypharmacy is undesirable.

We performed extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction dynamics and orientation of levofloxacin, a newer fluoroquinolone antibiotic, with anionic (SDS) and cationic (CTAB) micelles. The maximum drug/micelle ratio (loading capacity and entrapment efficiency) was estimated for anionic and cationic micelles. High encapsulation efficiencies were observed for SDS (average: ∼80%). In contrast, for CTAB micelles, the efficiency was ∼8%, indicating that the binding of levofloxacin molecules to SDS micelles is significantly higher than that to CTAB micelles. Tilted orientations were observed for levofloxacin in SDS micelles (∼48–51°) and in CTAB micelles (∼40–42°), where the positively charged piperazine group is anchored to anionic headgroups. In contrast, the negatively charged carboxylic group is close to cationic headgroups. Calculating the relative binding energies, we found that levofloxacin binds more strongly to SDS than CTAB. Due to π–π interactions and hydrogen bonding, the formation of concerted columnar stacks of levofloxacin was also recorded for both anionic and cationic micelles.

Background: Globalized threats, from pandemics and natural disasters to asymmetric warfare, demand health systems capable of rapid deployment, sustained operation in austere environments, and seamless integration of clinical and preventive services. Traditional silos between military medical logistics, civilian public health, and clinical specialties create critical vulnerabilities in crisis response. Aim: This narrative review synthesizes contemporary evidence (2015-2025) to analyze how eight critical disciplines—Nursing, Ministry of Defense (MoD) systems, Preventive Medicine, Public Health, Pharmacy, Radiology, Dentistry, and Medical Sterilization & Supply—converge to create a unified, resilient operational health capability. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science, and military databases (e.g., Defense Technical Information Center) identified peer-reviewed articles, grey literature, and policy documents from 2015-2025. A thematic analysis was conducted to map interdependencies and synthesize an integrated framework for operational health resilience. Results: Resilience is an emergent property of three tightly coupled subsystems: 1) A Clinical Intervention Core (Nursing, Pharmacy, Radiology, Dentistry) for direct patient care; 2) A Population Health Shield (Preventive Medicine, Public Health) for force and community protection; and 3) A Logistical Sustainment Engine (MoD frameworks, Medical Sterilization & Supply) enabling deployment and continuity. Success depends on pre-crisis integration, interoperable protocols, and shared leadership models. Conclusion: Achieving operational health resilience requires transcending traditional boundaries to engineer integrated "health security units." Future efforts must invest in joint simulation training, modular interoperable equipment, and policies that legitimize cross-sector authority sharing during crises.

This article examines the legal framework for ensuring national security in Mongolia and provides an analytical assessment of its structure, governance effectiveness, and reform needs. Drawing on contemporary security studies and human security theory, the study conceptualizes national security as a multidimensional governance system encompassing individual, societal, and state security. Using doctrinal legal analysis, systems analysis, and normative evaluation, the article assesses the coherence between constitutional provisions, national security policy documents, and sectoral legislation. The findings indicate that while Mongolia’s national security legal framework is formally comprehensive, it remains functionally constrained by weak policy-law-implementation linkages, fragmented institutional responsibilities, and limited accountability mechanisms. In addition, emerging non-traditional security threats-including information insecurity, socio-economic vulnerability, and declining public trust-are insufficiently addressed within binding and enforceable legal norms. Human security principles, although present in strategic discourse, remain largely declarative rather than operationalized in law. The article argues that advancing a human-centered, adaptive, and accountable legal governance model is essential for strengthening national resilience. By focusing on Mongolia as a small state operating in a complex security environment, the study contributes to broader debates on national security governance and legal reform in transitional and developing contexts.

Purpose: to fi nd the duration of hypolipidemic effect after the course of intravenous laser therapy in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and lipid metabolism disorders resistant to hypolipidemic pharmacotherapy. Patients and methods. 40 patients with CAD and lipid metabolism disorders (LMD) resistant to hypolipidemic drugs were enrolled in the trial. Patients were divided into two comparable groups depending on the curative technique: 20 patients from Group 1 (main group) had intravenous laser blood irradiation (ILBI) and supportive medicamentous therapy (SMT). 20 patients from Group 2 (control group) had only SMT. Results and discussion. Initially, patients in both groups had LMD signs despite of hypolipidemic drug therapy: elevated levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), atherogenic index (AI), and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared to normal values. Baseline values in both groups were statistically insignifi cant for TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and AI levels which indicated comparability between the groups. The study results demonstrated that patients in the main lasered group with ILBI course demonstrated much better hypolipidemic effect in 1 and 3 months after the treatment compared to baseline values: signifi cant reduction in TC by 19.1 % and 16.1 %, respectively; signifi cant reduction in LDL-C by 24.1 % and 21.8 %, respectively; signifi cant reduction in AI by 33.7 % and 29.1 %, respectively. Four months after the ILBI course, hypolipidemic effect became signifi cantly less evident, and lipid profi le indicators in the main group returned to baseline levels, except for total cholesterol. Therefore, in 4 months after ILBI course, patients require a repeated laser therapy course. The controls throughout the observation period had no signifi cant positive dynamics compared to baseline values. Conclusion . In patients with CAD and LMD resistant to hypolipidemic drugs, ILBI therapy corrects LMD. It has been demonstrated by the signifi cant reduction in TC, LDL-C, and AI levels, as well as by increased HDL-C level, although lipid profi le parameters did not reach their normal or target values. The obtained positive effect persisted for 3 months after the course of laser therapy. After that, ILBI positive effect gradually went down, except the total cholesterol. That is why, in four months patients require a repeat course of laser therapy. To achieve a full hypolipidemic effect in this category of patient, it is necessary to develop and incorporate other non-drug curative techniques.