Ministry of Education and Training

ABSTRACT Creating with artificial intelligence (AI) is fundamental to AI literacy through effective teaching methods and programmes. The aim is to suggest strategies for AI literacy education using LearningML software, based on machine learning, which allows users to create artificial intelligence models to recognise text and images without the need for programming knowledge. The study method is based on a systematic review of different databases that have integrated LearningML since 2020, their authors, countries, affiliations, keywords, associated resources, objectives, study methods, and conclusions, in order to determine the impact of the LearningML tool for integrating and developing AI literacy in teachers, students, and any user. The results were 48 documents that position LearningML software as a resource that can be integrated into curricula to promote AI literacy from primary education (K‐8) to university, and even for any citizen. The main conclusions position this software in STEM fields, such as medicine, which recommend this software for understanding the fundamentals of AI. This tool helps address the challenge of preparing citizens for the future and making decisions about the use of AI.

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has primarily focused on explaining model predictions, yet a critical gap remains in explaining semantic structure discovery within knowledge graphs derived from concept maps (CMs). This study extends the OBOE (explanatiOns Based On concEpts) framework to address a fundamentally different problem, explainable domain discovery in knowledge graphs (KGs) classification, moving beyond supervised classification to unsupervised structural explanation. Our approach integrates Knowledge Graph Embeddings (KGEs), clustering algorithms, and Large Language Models (LLMs) in a novel triple role—generating structural explanations, verifying hallucinations, and enabling large-scale evaluation. Concept–relation–concept triples are embedded through KGEs and clustered using hierarchical and spectral methods to reveal semantic domains, with QualIT-inspired LLM prompting via Chain-of-Thought reasoning. Evaluation across three corpora (Amazon, BBC News, and Reuters) demonstrated robust classification with mean per-class errors of 0.1, 0.147, and 0.142, and LogLoss values of 0.236, 0.342, and 0.395, discovering 92 semantic domains across 17 topics. Hierarchical clustering achieved superior performance (mean 3.78/5) with higher relevance, while spectral clustering offered better coverage (3.51/5) through more compact structures. By bridging traditional clustering with LLM-based explanation and evaluation, this work establishes a new XAI paradigm for knowledge organization contexts where understanding semantic graph structure is as critical as classification accuracy.

This study presents a novel approach for producing carbon-based nano-lubricants, which avoids exposure to dry nanopowders usually used in production processes, thereby minimizing the health risks associated with nanoparticles. Furthermore, it adheres to green chemistry principles, as it does not involve toxic solvents or surfactants. In this approach, glucose, the most abundant and cost-effective monosaccharide in most crops, was subjected to hydrothermal carbonization to produce carbon-based aqueous nanofluid. The nanofluid was then mixed with a base oil (SAE 15W-40) at calculated volume ratios. The resulting mixtures were heated to evaporate the water, resulting in 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/l (i.e., 0.25 %, 0.5 %, 0.75 % and 1 % volumetric concentration) stable carbon-based nano-lubricants. In addition to the characterizations of the nano-lubricants, including viscosity and thermal conductivity, power consumption and wear measurements of a tribological system were conducted. The findings revealed linear relationships between nanoparticle concentration and viscosity, thermal conductivity, power reduction, and wear reduction. The maximum thermal conductivity enhancement and viscosity increase were 6 %, and 9.95 % for a 20 g/l nano-lubricant, respectively. Additionally, the power and the wear reductions were 16.66 % at full load, and 52.5 % for the 20 g/l nano-lubricant

Abstract Persian carpet has been known as one of the most prominent manifestations of Iranian art and culture over years, and has always had a unique position in the export basket of Iran. This art possesses a significant share of the value of non-oil exports. In this research, we have estimated the efficiency of Iran's carpet export market by using gravity model with a stochastic boundary and spatial regression approach from 1973 to 2023. Research findings show that Gross Domestic Product (GDP)of Iran and major importing countries, and a common border with Iranian carpet importer countries have a positive significant effect on exports. Moreover, a statistically significant negative relation was obtained between China's carpet export and that of Iran. In addition to the negative effects of competitor countries on exports, exchange rate fluctuations are considered as a serious threat to Iranian carpet exports. As a final result, Iran's carpet exports have a low level of efficiency, which can be attributed to global sanctions, the use of inferior materials, increasing rivals, plagiarism of Iranian designs, and the inconsistency of production with market demand JEL: F14, F19, F31, E58

ABSTRACTBackgroundIn Africa, including Tanzania, the trend for neural tube defects (NTDs) has been increasing, and has been shown to increase morbidity and mortality in young infants.At Bugando Medical Centre (BMC)-a tertiary hospital serving the population of Northwestern Tanzania, the cases of NTD are commonly reported, but its exact prevalence, patterns and associated factors in young infants admitted at BMC remain unknown. Therefore, this study determined the prevalence, patterns and associated factors for NTD among young infants admitted at BMC.MethodologyIt is a cross-sectional observational study involving young infants aged 0-3 months admitted at BMC. Ethical approval and clearance to conduct the study was obtained from relevant authority before beginning the study. Since the total number of young infant admitted at the respective BMC premises (E4, neonatal Unit, C5, E5, C6, neonatal intensive care unit, and C2 wards) per month is small, therefore, a census sampling technique to ensure all eligible subjects are included during the study period was chosen. To supplement information on the young infants, a questionnaire-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from the infants’ mothers.Data were managed using Microsoft Excel database, and were cleaned and imported to STATA version 13 for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis done, significant levels was set at p-value less than 0.05.ResultsA total of 525 young infants were enrolled in the study from February to May 2021, of which 298 (56.8 percent) were male. NTDs was found in 73 (13.9%) of the 525 infants hospitalized at BMC during the study period, and the most common pattern was myelomeningocele 50(68.5%). Failure to use folic acid supplementation during preconception and early first trimester, living in rural residence, lower education and overweight during pre-conception period are the key factors associated with NTD among young infantsConclusionThis study demonstrated that NTD is one of the prevalent condition contributing to admission among young infants at BMC.RecommendationBMC should provide regular health education on NTD prevention to all women of reproductive age in the community. The use of folic acid supplement in preconception should be emphasized to all women of reproductive age since folic acid use have been reported to reduce NTD in various studies including the present study.

To explore the empowerment experiences of Zanzibari craftswomen (n = 19) who received presbyopia correction, as well as perspectives from their husbands (n = 5) and male community leaders (n = 4). Qualitative phenomenological approach. Nineteen craftswomen who received presbyopia correction, five of their husbands and four community leaders were participated in the interviews. Craftswomen participants represented various crafts and locations across Zanzibar (Unguja n = 10, Pemba n = 9), with interviews conducted in Swahili. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews, and analysis employed both inductive and deductive thematic techniques. Craftswomen reported that wearing spectacles enhanced their ability to work, increased productivity, and improved confidence and independence. Psychological empowerment (PE) was evident in their decision-making and autonomy, as well as their capacity to support their families financially. Men observed the positive effects of spectacles on the women's self-reliance and community contributions. Participants noted that community attitudes toward wearing glasses were generally supportive, although some stigma persisted. Presbyopia correction through spectacles facilitated significant PE among Zanzibari women, enhancing their independence, confidence, and productivity. A supportive community environment further bolstered empowerment, underscoring the importance of accessible eye care in improving quality of life and well-being. We explored the empowerment experiences of 19 Zanzibari craftswomen following presbyopia correction, incorporating perspectives from their husbands and community leaders. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, semi-structured interviews revealed enhanced productivity, independence, confidence, and psychological empowerment among the women. Male participants observed increased self-reliance and community contributions. While community attitudes were supportive, some stigma persisted. This highlights the transformative impact of accessible eye care on women's quality of life and underscore its broader societal benefits.

Career orientation for students plays an important role and is the basis for students to choose appropriate elective subjects at the high school level, according to the General Education Curriculum 2018. The purpose of this research is to examine the experience of some countries in supporting students in choosing career-oriented subjects. This study investigated general education curriculum and solutions to support students in choosing subjects in several countries, such as the US, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Australia, Singapore, and Japan. The results of this study include: 1) analyzing career-oriented goals in the general education curriculum and supporting measures for students in career-oriented subject selection in some countries around the world; 2) proposing some lessons learned for Vietnam in supporting students in choosing career-oriented subjects in implementing the General Education Curriculum 2018.

The emergence of antibiotic residues in the environment and food requires the development of sensitive and selective detection methods for monitoring these contaminants. In fact, many different types of antibiotics will be used simultaneously to prevent diseases in livestock and aquatic animals, causing antibiotic residues in food and the environment. Rapid and accurate simultaneous analysis of multiple antibiotics at low concentrations remains a major challenge in in the field of rapid detection. This study presents a sensitive and selective method for the simultaneous detection of two widely used antibiotics, enrofloxacin and chloramphenicol, by combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with triangular silver nanoplates. Triangular silver nanoplates (TAgNPls) in the form of colloid were simply synthesized by chemical reduction method and then used as an effective SERS substrate, enhancing the Raman signals of the target antibiotics and enabling the detection of these antibiotics at trace levels. It was found that with a SERS substrate assembled from the above TAgNPls, the antibiotics enrofloxacin and chloramphenicol could be detected with detection limits of 2.6 µg/L and 4.3 µg/L, respectively. In addition, this SERS substrate also allows simultaneous detection of the above two antibiotics in one analytical sample with concentrations as low as 10 µg/L for both substances. The proposed method holds promise for addressing concerns related to antibiotic contamination in various environments and food sources, contributing to the advancement of analytical techniques for the trace detection of pharmaceutical residues.