Moscow Witte University

The paper investigates various methods of resolving interpersonal and collective disputes and conflicts used by the Uzbek khanates in the 16th–19th centuries. Significant growth of the global Muslim population and the enhanced role of Muslim states in the political, economic, and financial sectors inevitably contribute to a rising tide of interest to the fundamental principles of Islam expressed in Sharia law and scientifically and practically reflected in fiqh based on the Quran and Sunnah in legal science. According to the legal dogmas of Sharia and the religious dogmas of Islam, which govern the life of Muslims submitting to God, the faithful were first supposed to try to amicably resolve any dispute between Muslims through by themselves, through mediation or negotiations involving respected representatives (relatives of the conflicting parties, aksakals of the mahalla and villages, amins of the amlaqdars, ministers of religion), or an arbitrator chosen by them. If it is impossible to resolve a dispute at the lower level, Muslims used the right to appeal to both the religious court of the qadi (magistrate) or the court of the biys (for nomadic peoples) and the administrative court of the hakim (bek) or the court of the ruler (khan or emir). The paper discusses the procedural features of consideration, methods, techniques, and legal framework for resolving pre-trial disputes and conflicts in the Uzbek khanates and focuses on pre-trial and, in a broader sense, extra-judicial conflict resolution as the main method to find a compromise between the disputing parties. A conclusion is also made that the disputing parties may use the right to choose jurisdiction if it is impossible to resolve the dispute at the lower level.

This article analyzes the influence of the laws of dialectics on the state and development of penal law. It is proved that with the help of the laws of dialectics, the essence of penal law is recognized, and ways of its improvement are determined. The author examines the contradiction between two systems – penal law and penal legislation. As a result, it is concluded that philosophical categories are the core of the methodology of penal law and contribute to the identification of current trends in its evolution.

This paper presents a brief overview of the current understanding of the main causes of Caspian Sea level (CSL) changes that occur as a result of disruption of the sea’s water balance. The main reason for changes in the water balance is regional climate change in the Caspian Sea region and in its vast catchment area. It includes changes in precipitation, evaporation, river runoff, and runoff into the Kara–Bogaz–Gol Bay. Other causes discussed in the literature are also considered: cosmogeophysical, geological–geodynamic, and anthropogenic. The chronology of CSL changes shows that its level is difficult to predict for the long term, despite its fairly simple water balance. Due to the enormous ecological and economic significance of long–term changes in the CSL, its forecast for the coming decades remains a strategic task in the context of the ongoing sea level decline that began in 1995–1996. The drop in the sea level by about 2.7 m has already led to tangible environmental and socioeconomic consequences for all Caspian countries.

According to executives and business proprietors, current methods of company management are losing efficiency, which is especially evident in conditions of quickly changing world and growing information flows. Today the majority of companies are facing problems of searching for new resources in order to raise efficiency both on individual and organizational level. It is a historical fact that in the conventional pattern of business there are three basic components: people, processes and communications. This triad made up the foundation of any business for a long time. However, now it is clear that it is insufficient for effective company management. Topicality of the research subject is stipulated by dynamic nature of today’s market. Certain qualification is required for successful adjustment to continuous changes. Thanks to efficient system of personnel management we can provide sustainable implementation of objectives and goals of the company. The article studies the essence, key methods, methodology, approaches and tools of the process of HR management and couching, illustrated by the concrete enterprise and gives recommendations on upgrading the system of HR management. Types of recruiting agencies in Russia and technologies of their work are investigated.

The article analyzes the theoretical and practical problems that arise when performing compulsory medical measures against the insane and other persons. The article describes the evolution of these measures and modern approaches to assessing their essence. The authors consider these measures as measures of medical and social security, and provide arguments in support of their position. The study concludes with the finding that there is a need for two-level regulatory regulation of such measures within the framework of the relevant federal law containing administrative and legal norms.

Various technologies, including artificial intelligence, are widely used in the modern world. There are a wide variety of applications of artificial intelligence technologies. Artificial intelligence also opens up new opportunities for law enforcement agencies. In this regard, the analysis of ways of applying artificial intelligence technologies in crime investigation activities is particularly relevant. The article describes in detail the potential areas of crime investigation in which artificial intelligence technology can be introduced (fingerprinting, analytics, forecasts, electronic document management, etc.). Specific examples of the use of intelligent technologies are analyzed.

Large Eurasian lakes are an integrator of climate processes at the regional scale and a good indicator of climate changes. Variability of ice and snow regime is important for their physical, chemical and biological properties, and for human activity. We address drivers and patterns of eddy generation during ice-free season before and after vertical overturning in lake Baikal (Russia). We use satellite remote sensing, historical observations and in situ data to follow the different stages of warm and cold anticyclonic eddy generation before and after vertical overturning. Thermal satellite images (Landsat-5-7-8) for 1998-2022 indicate a stable repeating seasonal pattern which is classified into stage of eddy generation and development. Field observations complement satellite imagery to characterise the vertical structure of the eddies. The main source of eddy generation of eddies is the outflow from Barguzin Bay which interacts with the coastline. Subsequent eddy generation is driven by density gradients and geostrophic adjustment. In summer this outflow is dominated by river inflow and lead to the formation of warm anticyclonic eddies. After autumnal vertical overturn, the outflow is forced by the wind bringing cold water from the bay to Middle Baikal and creating cold anticyclonic eddies. We suggest that in the autumn, when the surrounding water cools to a temperature below about 4°C, these cold eddies sink and transform into intrathermocline lens-like eddies that persist under ice and can later create giant ice rings on the Baikal ice cover. Better understanding of eddy dynamics and continued monitoring help to improve safety for people travelling or working on the ice. There is a need for timely communication of results for non-scientific audience - fishermen, tourism agencies, tourists, journalists and local administration.This research was supported by the CNES TOSCA Lakeddies, TRISHNA and SWIRL projects, P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Project N FMWE-2024-0016) and Institute of Water Problems Project N FMWZ-2022-0001.

In the context of the choice by many CIS countries of the policy of transition to an innovative economy, it is important to highlight the innovative component as a factor in ensuring economic security.Many scientists propose to make it as an independent object of research, and introduce such a concept as "innovative security" (Rakhimova, 2012).The relevance of this aspect is confirmed by the growing trends of global competition, integration interactions of economic systems.When considering the term -innovative security, it should be noted that innovative processes are multifaceted and are a consequence of the functioning of aggregated factors of economic security:-natural resource potential (quantity, quality and structure of natural resources); -human potential (quantity, quality and structure of human resources); -production and economic potential (quantity, quality and structure of the productive forces of society, fixed assets, including equipment and technologies).Of all the above represented by the element, the locomotive link of innovation security is the human potential and its quality state, represented by intellectual potential, which is shown in Figure 1.Ways of intensive development of intellectual potential and enhancing economic security Development and implementation of the organizational and economic mechanism for managing economic security Development of a program for the development of intellectual potential Human development HR development Development of scientific potential Contribution to GDP Continuous up-to-date monitoring of the state of intellectual potential and economic security Process Management and Scientific Developments lectual potential in the context of a transition to an innovative economy, will allow achieving sustainable sustainable development, achieving positive results, occupying a certain niche in the world market and a worthy place in the international ranking.

The article contains scientific theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of criminogenic element in the criminal law of Russia.The features of elements, their scientific justification, legal characteristics, types and significance for criminal law are highlighted.

The article presents the results of a study of the problems of using bail as a preventive measure in criminal proceedings, and developed proposals for improving this legal institution. Thus, defenders should be guided to persistently raise the issue of investigating the possibilities of assigning more “soft” preventive measures, such as bail, before the courts and investigative authorities. The possibilities of using bail as a preventive measure will be much wider if a strict list of crimes is established, in which it is possible to appoint a preventive measure in the form of detention. By analogy, it is necessary to determine the elements of crimes where bail would be a desirable preventive measure. In addition, it is advisable to use the Western European experience of using bail as a preventive measure.