NEAL (Algeria)

Investigating and addressing fault detection is crucial for advancing the reliability, performance, and cost‐effectiveness of grid‐connected inverter systems, thereby contributing to the stability and efficiency of modern power grids. This study introduces a novel approach for detecting and classifying open‐circuit faults (OCFs) in three‐level neutral point clamped (3‐L‐NPC) inverters connected to the grid. The proposed algorithm swiftly identifies faulty switches and clamping diodes using distorted current signals and model predictive control (MPC), eliminating the need for additional hardware or complex computations. By addressing the challenge of identifying the specific switch under grid‐connected conditions, the proposed method achieves faster detection and identification of all switches and clamping diodes in less than one fundamental period which is very good compared with recent studies and considering that no extra sensors are used. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the efficacy of MPC in tolerating OCFs in clamping diodes, showcasing its potential to enhance system resilience and performance. The proposed strategy significantly improves the reliability of 3‐L‐NPC inverters by ensuring prompt and accurate fault detection and classification. Both experimental and simulation results confirm the efficacy of the suggested fault detection and identification approach, emphasizing its practical applicability in real‐world grid‐tied inverter systems.

Through these lines, we wanted to highlight mental flexibility with verbal fluidity in patients with multiple sclerosis. This disease is beginning to gain magnitude in our society especially among women, we also noticed in hospitals that the age group affected is increasingly younger; the after-effects left by this disease prevent this category of society from enjoying a pleasant and full life. To carry out this study, we used the TMT tracking test to measure mental flexibility and a rapid battery to assess verbal fluidity, on a sample of cases, all with sclerosis, ages between 20 and 50 years old, who were pursuing their treatment at Mustafa Pasha University Hospital in the capital, Algiers. After analyzing the results, we identified difficulties at the level of the mental flexibility function, as well as difficulties at the level of verbal fluidity in people with sclerosis. The results obtained after applying the BREF battery to measure verbal fluidity and the TMT test to measure mental flexibility show that the first hypothesis that verbal fluidity is impaired in people with multiple sclerosis has been confirmed. The second hypothesis, which states that there is impairment in mental flexibility in people with multiple sclerosis, was proven for the first two cases, but not for the third case.

Objectives: The rapid and continuous technological development of communication systems has led to the use of modern communication means in the formation of contracts, raising numerous questions about the impact of these modern means on the general theory of contracts or the ability of the latter to encompass the provisions of electronic contracts, despite their relatively recent emergence in the legal environment. Methods: Recently, there has been a notable increase in the use of such contracts conducted within a digital space over the internet, playing a significant role in electronic commercial transactions. Results: This situation raises a series of legal issues that clash with legislative gaps, especially since traditional legal texts are insufficient to address this new form of contract. Conclusion: This has prompted international legislations, including Algerian legislation, to regulate this new type of contract.

Abstract This study investigated the impact of AI-generated email content on email marketing deliverability, specifically its placement in spam folders. A controlled experiment was conducted with 450 participants who received AI-generated emails sent from different domains using plain text content and clear subject lines. The emails were analyzed for placement in inboxes or spam folders based on participant responses. The results revealed no significant impact of AI-generated content on email deliverability, regardless of the sender's domain or the recipient's email provider. All emails consistently reached primary inboxes, suggesting that the applied precautions (plain text, clear subject lines, and avoidance of suspicious elements) mitigated any potential spam triggers. This study shows AI-generated email content can be deliverable and personalized, challenging concerns about spam placement. Marketers can use AI to craft engaging emails that land in inboxes, not spam folders. This finding also aligns with SEO trends, where AI content isn't automatically penalized.

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of an integrated Buck-Boost converter and Sliding Mode Control (SMC) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system for optimizing photovoltaic energy conversion. The study focuses on enhancing solar energy extraction efficiency, regulating output currents, and ensuring effective battery utilization. Through a systematic analysis of converter component sizing and operational modes, the paper delves into the intricacies of the Buck-Boost converter. The unique contribution lies in the innovative integration of SMC with the traditional Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm, providing robust and adaptive MPPT under varying environmental conditions. Additionally, the paper introduces a battery management system with three distinct modes, namely, Charging, Direct, and Discharging, offering intelligent control over critical scenarios. Simulation results underscore the robustness of the proposed system under diverse conditions, demonstrating its effectiveness in managing power distribution based on battery charge levels, even in scenarios of insufficient solar power. Overall, this research significantly contributes to advancing the understanding of PV/battery systems and offers a practical, sustainable solution for optimizing energy production, distribution, and storage, marking a substantial stride towards a more efficient and sustainable energy future.

Administrative legal activities are generally classified into two main categories: individual administrative actions and contractual administrative activities. Individual administrative actions, often referred to as administrative decisions, are directives issued by administrative authorities that affect specific individuals or entities directly. These decisions typically involve unilateral administrative power and are characterized by their binding nature, as they are enforced regardless of the consent of the affected parties. On the other hand, contractual administrative activities, sometimes termed agreement-based administrative actions, involve a mutual agreement between administrative authorities and other parties. These contracts, known as administrative contracts, are entered into by public entities to fulfill administrative functions or achieve public objectives. They are distinguished from private contracts by their unique characteristics, such as their purpose, which is to serve the public interest rather than individual or commercial goals. The theory of administrative contracts is relatively recent in the realm of administrative law. This is in contrast to more established topics within the field, such as the principles governing administrative decisions. The development of administrative contract theory has been marked by significant scholarly debate, primarily concerning how to differentiate these contracts from private contracts. Jurists have proposed various criteria for identifying administrative contracts, often focusing on elements such as the parties involved, the purpose of the contract, and the nature of the obligations. Despite these efforts, the theory remains in a state of evolution and is considered contemporary in administrative law. In summary, while individual administrative actions and administrative contracts both play crucial roles in the functioning of administrative law, the latter's theoretical framework is still developing. The distinct nature of administrative contracts, characterized by their public interest orientation and the specific legal standards applied to them, reflects the ongoing efforts to refine and understand this aspect of administrative jurisprudence. © 2024 Journal of Law, Society, and Authority. All rights reserved.

Introduction: Thyroid localization of breast cancer is rare and has a poor prognosis. Common metastatic sites of mammary carcinoma are pulmonary, hepatic and bone. Clinical diagnosis of thyroid metastasis from malignancy is difficult. We report a case of thyroid metastasis of mammary origin. We then discuss the diagnostic methods and their peculiarities in the identification of such lesions. Observation: This was a 47-year-old patient who underwent a left mastectomy with ipsilateral axillary lymph node dissection in 2014 and was presented 9 years later following the onset of a thyroid mass and right spinal lymphadenopathy. Cervical imaging revealed cervical lymphadenopathy of spinal site and nodular goiter classified as EU-TIRADS 4. A cytopuncture of the cervical lymphadenopathy and thyroid nodule is performed. Cytology revealed thyroid metastasis from mammary carcinoma and metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy. The patient underwent surgery (total thyroidectomy) confirming the diagnosis. Conclusion: The diagnosis of thyroid metastasis should be suspected in patients with a history of neoplasia prior to nodular goiter. The treatment for these metastases is that of primary cancer.