Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University

Abstract Indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) is a semiconducting oxide material with high carrier mobility, and utilized as a thin film transistor. There are two methods normally used to fabricate the IGZO thin films; sputtering and solution techniques. For sputtering technique, the powder mixture of indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), gallium oxide (Ga 2 O 3 ) and zinc oxide (ZnO) were grinded and pressed then heat at 1300 °C for 3 hours. The x-rays diffraction pattern of the sintered IGZO disc indicates the crystal structure of IGZO compound. The IGZO disc with a diameter of 3 inches was employed for the target of radio frequency (RF) magneton sputtering (13.56 MHz). The IGZO thin film was prepared on the glass or quartz substates under Ar atmospheric pressure of 5 x 10 −3 mbar at RF power of 60 W for 30 minutes. In addition, the ease fabrication technique of solution process was also conducted to prepare IGZO thin films from the solution mixture of metal precursors dissolved in 2-methoxyethanol at 75 °C for 12 hours to form a partial network of metal-oxygen-metal bonds. Subsequently, the deep ultraviolet was irradiated under nitrogen gas for 2 hours. The high carrier mobility of 0.5 and 10.9 cm 2 /Vs can be achieved for IGZO thin films prepared from sol-gel and sputtering methods, respectively. The photoluminescence excitation was proposed to examine the defect levels in both prepared films, and these spectra can be used to relate to the electric properties of the prepared IGZO films.

Global tourism industry has been expanding significantly, generating revenue that circulates through society, communities, and local populations. Thailand has implemented national policies that strongly promote tourism, with cultural tourism emerging as a particularly popular and distinctive form. The Amphawa Floating Market, located along the Amphawa Canal, has become a key attraction. This study tracks changes in land use in Amphawa District, Samut Songkhram Province, over the past two decades using remote sensing techniques. The findings reveal that between 2003 and 2013, agricultural land declined, while urban areas, infrastructure, and roads expanded. In the following decade, transportation networks, miscellaneous land use, and urban development continued to grow. These changes align with the steady rise of cultural tourism in Amphawa over the past 20 years, demonstrating that tourism has become a significant source of income, replacing agriculture as a primary economic driver and contributing to local economic development. This study provides valuable findings on spatial transformations that can support future efforts toward sustainable development through the formulation of spatial policies to accommodate tourism expansion and alleviate local poverty. Furthermore, the results may serve as a model for monitoring and managing spatial dynamics and promoting equitable and fair income distribution among local communities.

HighlightsWhat are the main findings?The capacitance behavior of interdigitated electrodes embedded between glass layers for touch sensing applications is accurately analyzed using equivalent circuit models for both touch and no-touch conditions. For a constant sensing area, wider electrode fingers reduce the number of fingers and the baseline capacitance in the no-touch state, resulting in improved touch sensitivity.Touch sensitivity—defined as the relative capacitance difference between touch and no-touch conditions—can be estimated during the electrode design stage by extracting the typical touch coupling capacitance under realistic application conditions. The dominant sensitivity factor is the coupling capacitance from the sensor electrodes through the fingertip and human body to ground, which leads to a lower capacitance measured across the positive and negative sensing electrodes under touch conditions.What is the implication of the main finding?By analyzing and predicting the capacitance value during the sensor design stage, the electrode geometry can be tailored to match the desired sensitivity and measurement range of capacitive sensing chips.Tuning the sensitivity through electrode design and choice of overlay material provides an additional degree of freedom for system optimization, reducing dependence on the sensing chip’s intrinsic capability and threshold settings, and helping to avoid false alarms or missed detections.This paper investigates the capacitance characteristics of a glass-embedded interdigitated capacitive sensor (IDCS) for touch-sensing applications. The study analyzes both baseline (no-touch) and touch-induced capacitance variations through a combination of analytical modeling and experimental validation. A multilayer analytical model is first employed to calculate the baseline capacitance of the proposed structure, followed by experimental measurements for model verification. Subsequently, an equivalent circuit model of the touched state is introduced to represent the interaction between the human fingertip, sensor electrodes, and earth-ground, explaining the observed capacitance reduction during a finger touch. Sensor prototypes with electrode finger widths of 1.4, 2.0, 2.4, and 3.0 mm were fabricated within a 40 × 40 mm2 sensing area. The baseline capacitance decreased from 28.6 pF at 1.4 mm to 12 pF at 3.0 mm electrode finger width, while the capacitance change upon touch ranged from 0.6–0.9 pF. Touch sensitivity for three test persons increased from about 1.7–4.6% at 1.4 mm to 5–7.6% at 3.0 mm electrode finger width. The results confirm that narrower-electrode designs yield higher absolute capacitance, whereas wider electrodes enhance touch sensitivity and provide greater uniformity within the defined sensing area. Overall, the findings validate the proposed IDCS configuration as a practical approach for realizing glass-integrated touch sensors and offer practical guidelines for optimizing electrode geometry in touch-based smart-glass applications.