Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the most important vector mosquito species globally and are capable of transmitting various viral diseases, such as dengue fever, zika virus disease, and chikungunya fever. Although they overlap in terms of ecological niches and geographical distribution, their virus carriage and transmission capacities differ significantly. Metavirome studies can provide new perspectives for understanding these differences. In this study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to analyze the epidemiologically significant metaviromes of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus on Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula, China. A bioinformatics analysis pipeline was used to compare the viral compositions of the two mosquito species. In the sympatric areas, 250 viral species from 60 families were annotated to Ae. aegypti at the read level, whereas 406 vial species from 66 families were annotated to Ae. albopictus at the read level, revealing significant differences in the metaviromes of the two mosquito species. Notably, Ae. albopictus exhibited significantly greater viral diversity than Ae. aegypti (p < 0.05). The 50 viruses with the greatest abundance in two mosquito species were selected for data analysis, revealing 64% viral similarity, with 32 common viruses and 18 distinct viruses between the two species, although the relative abundances of each virus differed notably. Phasi Charoen-like Phasivirus (PCLV) from Phenuiviridae showed the highest relative abundance in all Ae. aegypti sample pools, whereas Orthophasmavirus barstukasense (Phasmaviridae), Gihfavirus pelohabitans (Steitzviridae), and unclassified Wenzhou sobemo-like virus 4 (WSLV4) predominated in different Ae. albopictus sample pools. The metavirome compositions of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the sympatric areas of Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula differed significantly. The viral diversity of Ae. albopictus was significantly higher than that of Ae. aegypti, and notable differences in viral composition and abundance were observed between the two species. However, the 50 most abundant viruses detected in both mosquito species also exhibited a degree of similarity. These findings support further research into the viral compositions of these two Aedes species. Moreover, analyzing these distinct viral compositions aids understanding of the vector capacity and vector competence of these mosquitoes, which will provide theoretical support for vector control efforts on Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula.

Neuropathic pain (NP) is tightly linked to spinal microglial overactivation, sustained neuroinflammation; however, the key molecular regulators and epigenetic circuitry driving microglial functional dyshomeostasis remain incompletely defined. S100 calcium-binding protein A11 (S100A11) emerged as one of the most upregulated gene in activated spinal microglia via RNA sequencing. Here, we investigate the functional contribution of S100A11 to microglial dysfunction during NP and delineate the underlying molecular-epigenetic circuitry linking S100A11 to autophagic modulation. Using a chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced NP mouse model, in vivo transcriptomics combined with in vitro validation demonstrated that S100A11 is markedly upregulated in activated microglia across both in vivo and in vitro NP-relevant contexts. Functionally, microglia-targeted S100A11 knockdown alleviates mechanical or thermal hyperalgesia in CCI mice, mitigates spinal synaptic damage, and concurrently suppresses microglial pyroptosis and proinflammatory cytokine release, while enhance autophagic flux in vitro. Mechanistically, S100A11 silencing promotes nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB). To resolve the specific epigenetic modifications driving this effect, we screened key histone acetylation sites and identified histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) as the critical target: S100A11 depletion specifically elevates H3K27ac enrichment at the promoter regions of autophagy-associated genes. This H3K27ac-mediated chromatin relaxation facilitates TFEB binding to these promoters. This interaction directly drives the transcriptional activation of autophagy machinery, restoring microglial homeostasis. Collectively, our study uncovers a novel S100A11-TFEB-H3K27ac-autophagy regulatory axis that dictates microglial functional fate in NP.

This study aims to investigate the prevalence of pneumonia in preschool children in Haikou City and assess the correlates of indoor environmental factors on this condition. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from December 2020 to January 2021. Using a stratified random sampling method, eight kindergartens in Haikou City were selected for a questionnaire-based investigation. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the associated factors for Pneumonia in Preschool Children. The prevalence of pneumonia among the 3,049 preschool children was 20.44%. This study reveals that pneumonia in preschool children is influenced by both modifiable environmental exposures and non-modifiable host factors. Among the key modifiable associated factors​ within the household, paternal smoking(OR = 1.253, P = 0.030) and keeping furry pets(OR = 1.713, P = 0.017) significantly increased the risk, whereas the use of a fresh air filtration system(OR = 0.566, P = 0.018) showed a strong protective effect. These actionable findings​ suggest that targeted interventions, such as promoting air filtration and reducing indoor airborne pollutants from smoking and pets, could effectively lower disease prevalence. Additionally, non-modifiable factors​ like female sex (OR = 0.823, P = 0.036)and a family history of allergies (OR = 1.423, P < 0.001) help identify children who may benefit most from such environmental interventions. Pneumonia in preschool children is associated with various factors, including demographic characteristics, exposure to tobacco smoke, pet ownership, and the presence of air filtration systems in the home. This study found that avoiding these associated factors may reduce the prevalence of pneumonia.

As people age, declines in physiological functions can lead to changes in sleep and dietary patterns, potentially influencing cognitive function. However, longitudinal evidence examining how food consumption mediates the relationship between sleep parameters and cognitive function in Chinese older adults remains limited. Examining these longitudinal trajectories, beyond single-timepoint measurements, is crucial for understanding their dynamic nature and impact on cognitive function. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the longitudinal trajectories of sleep and food consumption in older adults, and to examine the mediating role of food consumption patterns in the sleep-cognition relationship. The sample population included 8724 older adults who derived from waves 4 to 7 (2005 to 2014) in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Self-reported sleep duration, sleep quality, and food consumption were evaluated in face-to-face interviews. The main outcomes were global cognitive composite z scores. Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) identified distinct long-term change patterns of sleep duration, sleep quality and food consumption, and generalized estimating equations (GEE) evaluated their prospective associations with global cognitive scores. Additionally, structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to assess the mediating role of food consumption in the relationships between sleep duration, sleep quality, and cognitive function. Food consumption mediated the associations between sleep duration, sleep quality, and cognitive function in older adults. After adjusting for confounders, decreasing low fruit and vegetable consumption mediated a negative impact on cognition, with both shortened (0.024, 95%CI: 0.003 to 0.048) and excessive sleep duration (0.076, 95%CI: 0.040 to 0.117) linked to decreasing low fruit and vegetable consumption. A rapid decline in meat, fish, egg, and bean consumption also mediated the negative effect of shorter sleep duration on cognition (mediation effects: -0.009, 95%CI: -0.014 to -0.005), whereas increased milk consumption acted as a complete mediator, positively influencing cognition. No mediating effect was observed for nuts consumption. Furthermore, stable, high-quality sleep promoted increased consumption of fruit and vegetable (0.039, 95%CI: 0.020 to 0.058), meat, fish, egg, and bean (-0.011, 95%CI: -0.133 to -0.088), milk (0.022, 95%CI: 0.001 to 0.043), and nuts (0.043, 95%CI: 0.021 to 0.065), all positively associated with cognitive levels. This study illustrates that food consumption can improve the decline in cognitive levels in older adults that may be undermined by unhealthy sleep habits. Our research findings are of great importance to both clinical practice and public health policy.

Glaucoma is the leading irreversible cause of blindness worldwide. Dietary hexadecenoic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid with anti-inflammatory and lipid-modulating properties. However, its association with glaucoma remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary hexadecenoic acid intake and glaucoma among adults. This cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2008, including 705 participants aged ≥ 40 years. Dietary hexadecenoic acid intake was assessed through two 24-h dietary recalls, and glaucoma diagnosis was based on expert grading of optic disc images. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between dietary hexadecenoic acid intake and glaucoma prevalence. Dose-response relationships between dietary hexadecenoic acid intake and glaucoma were explored using restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve analysis. The subgroup analysis evaluated the consistency of the association across different populations. Participants with higher dietary hexadecenoic acid intake showed a significantly lower prevalence of glaucoma. In fully adjusted models, each 1 g/day increase in hexadecenoic acid intake was associated with a 39% reduction in glaucoma prevalence (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.41-0.91, p = 0.018). Quartile analysis revealed that participants in the highest quartile of hexadecenoic acid intake had a lower glaucoma prevalence compared to the lowest quartile. RCS curve analysis demonstrated a linear negative correlation. Subgroup analyses indicated that the negative effects of dietary hexadecenoic acid intake on glaucoma were stronger in males, low-education and non-diabetic individuals. Higher dietary hexadecenoic acid intake is associated with reduced glaucoma prevalence. Given the limitations of cross-sectional studies, in the future, prospective studies should be conducted to verify the protective effect of hexadecenoic acid on glaucoma.

Autoreactive memory T cells are considered to be a primary contributor to chronic islet inflammation in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). OX40-expressing T cells not only facilitate and sustain the presence of CD4+ memory T cells but also promote the generation of CD8+ memory T cells. We aimed to investigate the role of OX40+CD4+/CD8+ memory T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of T1D. A total of 35 patients diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes and 40 healthy control individuals were enrolled in this study. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the study participants and analyzed by flow cytometry. Inflammatory cytokines in the plasma were quantitatively measured. The pancreatic islet autoantibodies as well as islet function were also evaluated. The frequencies and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of OX40 on CD4+ effector memory T (Tem) cells significantly increased in patients with T1D compared to healthy controls. Importantly, the expression of OX40 on CD8+ Tem and central memory T (Tcm) cells was also significantly higher in T1D compared with healthy controls. However, the expression of OX40 on CD4+ Tem cells was not significantly higher in T1D with two or more autoantibodies than control group. Furthermore, the frequencies of OX40+CD8+ Tem cells significantly increased in T1D patients with two or more autoantibodies but not in those with one autoantibody, compared with control groups. Meanwhile, the frequencies of OX40+CD8+ Tcm cells were consistently higher across all three subgroups of T1D patients (AAb-, 1AAb, ≥2AAb) compared to the control group. Notably, both the frequencies of OX40+CD4+ and OX40+CD8+ Tem cells exhibited significant negative correlations with the serum C-peptide levels in T1D patients. Additionally, the expression levels of OX40 on peripheral CD4+/CD8+ memory T cells were positively correlated with the levels of plasma inflammatory cytokines in patients with T1D. The elevated expression of OX40 on CD4+/CD8+ memory T cells was associated with the autoimmune-mediated destruction of islet beta cells in T1D. Our findings indicate that the expression levels of OX40 on peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ memory T lymphocytes may serve as potential predictive biomarkers for the severity of T1D. Additionally, OX40 expression on memory T cells may serve as a potential biomarker for assessing the efficacy of immunotherapy in T1D patients.

BackgroundAlthough falls are the major cause of non-fatal injuries and preventable deaths among Chinese children, comprehensive assessments of the temporal trends in the burden of falls among children aged 0–14 years in China remain scarce. To address this gap, we quantified national and temporal trends in burden of falls among children aged 0–14 years from 1990 to 2021 and projected future trends through 2030.MethodsThe current study used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD2021), we extracted crude incidence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to falls along with their corresponding absolute counts for Chinese children aged 0–14 years during 1990–2021. All metrics were stratified by sex and 5-year age group. Age-standardized rates (ASRs), including age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), age-standardized YLLs rate, age-standardized YLDs rate, and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) for children aged 0–14 years, were recalculated using the World Health Organization’s standard population. Temporal trends were assessed with Joinpoint regression model to compute average annual percentage changes (AAPCs). Finally, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were developed to project ASRs for children aged 0–14 years through 2030.ResultsBetween 1990 and 2021, children aged 0–14 years experienced 163,769,426 incident cases and 255,840 deaths, resulting in a total of 25,085,796 DALYs. The ASIR, ASMR, age-standardized YLLs rate, age-standardized YLDs rate, and ASDR all demonstrated a downward trends with AAPCs of −0.34% (95%CI: −0.39% to −0.28%, P<0.001), −4.18% (95%CI: −4.37% to −4.06%, p < 0.001), −4.24% (95%CI: −4.43% to −4.11%, p < 0.001), −1.16% (95%CI: −1.22% to −1.11%, p < 0.001), −3.68% (95%CI: −3.80% to −3.57%, p < 0.001), respectively. In stratified analysis, similar downward trends were observed aross both sexes and age group of 0–4 years, 5–9 years and 10–14 years. Notably, upward trends were observed in the ASIR from 2010 to 2021 and the age-standardized YLDs rate from 2010 to 2021. Children aged 10–14 years exhibited an upward trend in incidence rate 1990 to 2021. Predictions shows the incidence among children aged 0–4 years is projected to rise, and an increase in YLDs is anticipated among children in both the 0–4 years and 5–9 years age groups.ConclusionThe burden of falls remains a major public challenge among children aged 0–14 years, although its burden at the national level showed a downward trend from 1990 to 2021. The age-standardized YLDs rate among males, the incidence among children aged 0–4 years and the YLDs among children aged 0–9 years are projected to increase from 2022 to 2030. These findings suggest that mandatory implementation of age-specific fall-prevention protocols in kindergartens and primary schools nationwide and expand the coverage of injury surveillance and implement it nationwide.

IntroductionNantong is currently experiencing an HIV-1 epidemic. However, detailed information regarding the local transmission chains remains limited. This study aimed to combine genomic, epidemiological, and spatial data to investigate the genotypes, drug resistance, and transmission patterns of newly reported HIV-1 subjects in Nantong.MethodsA total of 1619 newly diagnosed HIV-1 cases were identified, of which 1203 valid sequences were included for analysis. The HIV-1 pol genes were amplified and sequenced for the analysis of genotype, drug resistance, and molecular transmission network. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with being within the molecular transmission networks. Spatial analysis was conducted using intensity matrices of HIV-1 transmission links between regions.ResultsAmong the 1,203 subjects, the male-to-female ratio was 4.3:1, with a median age of 49 years (IQR: 33-58). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CRF07_BC was the dominant strain, followed by CRF01_AE and CRF55_01B. The overall prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance was 9.3%, with V179E as the most common mutation. The molecular transmission network was constructed at a 0.5% genetic distance threshold. Of 1,203 valid sequences, 326 (27.1%) were incorporated, forming 116 clusters ranging from 2 to 17 sequences, including 31 clusters with ≥3 sequences. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that individuals aged 70 years or older (OR=2.17, 95% CI:1.02-4.62), infected with subtype C (OR=1.98, 95%CI:1.11-3.54), CD4+ cell counts of 200-500 cells/μL(OR=1.85, 95%CI:1.29-2.65) and >500 cells/μL (OR=1.87, 95%CI:1.08-3.27) were more likely to be within the molecular transmission networks. Spatial analysis found that the proportion of inter-city transmission was lowest in Rudong (46.8%) and highest in Tongzhou (80.2%).DiscussionThe HIV-1 epidemic in Nantong was characterized by the increasing dominance of CRF07_BC, rising pretreatment drug resistance, and extensive inter-city molecular clustering. Older people, particularly older men, are emerging as a critical population sustaining local transmission. These findings highlight the need for continuous molecular surveillance and region-specific prevention strategies tailored to high-risk groups to mitigate further HIV-1 spread.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Cap protein serves as the primary structural component and plays multiple roles in viral infection. Previous studies have shown that Cap predominantly localizes to the nucleus, but the molecular mechanisms governing its nuclear import remain unclear. This study demonstrates that PCV2 Cap undergoes an active nuclear transport process dependent on Ran-GTP and importin α, but not transportin-1. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed interactions between Cap and several host nuclear transport receptors (NTRs), including all importin α subunits, importin 4, 5, 7, and 11. Furthermore, the small molecule inhibitor importazole (IPZ) partially inhibits the nuclear translocation of Cap and suppresses Cap expression, as well as PCV2 replication. While ivermectin (IVM) only impedes transport without affecting viral replication. These findings provide significant insights into the molecular mechanisms of PCV2-Cap nuclear import and highlight potential therapeutic targets for antiviral strategies aimed at disrupting viral capsid transport.