National Academy of Governance

The purpose of this study is to conduct a legal analysis and develop a uniform interpretation of the concept of “interference with aircraft control” (Article 352-1 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan), introduced as an independent offence in 2025. The research examines the place of this act within the system of public safety, aviation safety, and flight safety, analyzes its correlation with classical acts of unlawful interference under international and national law, identifies a legislative gap, and formulates a legal definition. The methodological framework is based on comparative, formal-legal, and systematic analysis, allowing for the comparison of criminal and aviation legislation, international conventions (Tokyo, Hague, and Montreal), and scientific literature. The key problem addressed is the absence of a statutory definition of this concept, which creates risks of inconsistent interpretation and enforcement. The analysis shows that this offence is not included in the statutory list of acts of unlawful interference but constitutes an independent category of intentional actions directly affecting the crew’s work during flight. The main result is a proposed legal definition that can be used to qualify offences and distinguish them from related crimes, thereby strengthening air transport safety.

An attempt is made to determine the legal nature of the term “public place” in Russian legislation in the absence of its legal definition. It is argued that “public place” is an independent legal category, the content of which is formed through a system of spatial, functional and negative criteria, including a combination of open access and public designation of the territory. The volume of concepts associated with this category (“places of mass residence of people”, “common use area”) is analyzed, including in an intersectoral context. The importance of law enforcement concretization in the context of a regulatory gap is revealed and the role of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in establishing the constitutional and legal boundaries of the concept used is revealed. The necessity of transition from a certain “judicial construction” of the content of the category of “public place” to its minimal legalization at the level of federal legislation is revealed. The significant role of technical and legal regulation (detailing) in the regulation of such legal relations is substantiated.

The Philippines confronts an escalating climate crisis, with annual disaster losses projected to reach 7.6% of GDP by 2030. Despite the proven efficacy of nature-based solutions (NbS), their integration into national development planning remains marginal, as epitomised by the flagship “Build Better More” (BBM) project. This study diagnoses this implementation gap as a fundamental systems failure: the systematic undervaluation of critical natural capital. This capital is conceptualised as a synergistic socio-ecological life-support system—the integrated integrity of ecological resilience, abiotic surroundings, and biotic communities (A+B+C=D). Consequently, NbS are treated as peripheral add-ons, perpetuating a self-reinforcing vicious cycle of maladaptive grey infrastructure investment and costly reconstruction. Employing systems thinking and causal loop modelling, we demonstrate how the BBM Project’s current structure actively degrades this foundation (A+B+C=D), locking development into a path of accelerating risk. A quantitative system dynamics model proves that a hybrid NbS-grey portfolio yields vastly superior economic and resilience outcomes. We therefore prescribe a transformative triple-track intervention: (1) innovative finance, for example, resilience bonds; (2) governance restructuring to integrate environmental mandates; and (3) legally embedded equity safeguards such as mandatory Social Equity and Distributional Impact Assessments. This integrated blueprint is designed to dismantle the vicious cycles and initiate stabilising virtuous cycles of socio-ecological resilience. We conclude that the BBM Project’s objectives are unattainable without this foundational institutional shift. While grounded in the Philippines, our diagnostic framework of vicious and virtuous cycles provides a transferable roadmap for climate-vulnerable nations to transition from costly degradation to a climate-resilient future.

Abstract This study evaluates the quality of materials in reinforced concrete buildings and their compliance with relevant legislation and earthquake codes. In this scope, field observations of collapsed 400 reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in Kahramanmaraş, Adıyaman, Hatay and Gaziantep provinces, which are among the provinces affected by the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, were conducted, general information and official documents about the buildings were collected, and detailed investigations including structural material properties were carried out. Some data was obtained from experimental studies conducted in the laboratory. The other part was obtained from reports. Differences were observed in the percentage distribution between the average compressive strength and the minimum compressive strength. In addition, factors such as the use of smooth, large-diameter stream aggregates, inappropriate granulometry, low material quality, poor workmanship, and insufficient compaction negatively impacted the building performance. Additionally, approximately 36% of the buildings were constructed with ribbed reinforcement, 31% with non-ribbed reinforcement, and 25% with both types of reinforcement. The use of ribbed reinforcement in buildings increased significantly after 1997 and its usage rate increased in the subsequent years. The findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the current building material deficiencies in earthquake-prone regions and provide information on strategies that should be developed in terms of building materials to improve the resilience of buildings with similar characteristics in other earthquake regions against future seismic events.

Digital financial services increasingly employ manipulative interface designs, known as dark patterns, which subtly influence user behavior and decision-making. This study examines the manifestations, mechanisms, and impacts of dark patterns in Chinese digital financial service platforms. Observed patterns include lengthy user agreements, concealed fees, repeated exit prompts, automatic lender assignment, and obstructed account cancellation. These strategies exploit users’ bounded rationality, attention limits, and behavioral biases. Vulnerable users with low financial literacy or constrained resources face heightened risks, including over-borrowing and debt stress. While platforms may gain short-term engagement, they risk long-term reputational and regulatory consequences. At the market level, dark patterns distort transparency, competition, and innovation. This study emphasizes the systemic and covert nature of dark patterns, highlighting the need for ethical design, regulatory oversight, and strategies to protect user welfare in digital financial service ecosystems.

The article is aimed at analyzing the formation of the professional identity of medical workers in the context of public administration, taking into account modern socio-economic and technological challenges, as well as determining the prospects for its development. The paper emphasizes that the professional identity of a medical specialist is formed under the influence of internal personal determinants (value orientations, normative ideas, ethical attitudes and worldview positions), as well as external social and institutional factors, including societal expectations, occupational status, and career prospects in the healthcare system. The article analyzes the internal structure of professional identity, which includes cognitive, affective and behavioral components that determine the idea of the content of the profession, emotional and value attitude to activities and the practical implementation of professional functions. Attention is focused on the fact that in the modern system of personnel training, professional identity does not always act as an independent goal of the educational process, which requires the integration of purposeful mechanisms for its formation into the public administration system. Particular attention is paid to the regulatory and legal support of professional identity through the legislative definition of the status of a medical worker, the establishment of professional standards and the regulation of continuous professional development. The role of electronic systems for accounting for educational activities, a point system of assessment and digital competencies in stabilizing and updating professional identity is considered separately. The strategic aspect of human resources management is highlighted, which includes the stimulation of interprofessional interaction, autonomy and professional responsibility, which contributes to improving the quality of medical services and public confidence in the health care system. It is generalized that the integration of internal, external and regulatory and managerial factors creates a holistic system for the formation of professional identity, which is a key element of the effective functioning of the public health care sector and the sustainable development of human capital in the industry.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides excellent soft tissue contrast and hence, it is most widely used imaging modality for early brain tumor classification and clinical decision-making. This study proposed a lightweight, custom-built 2D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for the multiclass classification of brain tumors, i.e., meningioma, glioma, pituitary tumor, and no tumor. The model was trained and evaluated on a huge dataset of more than 7K T1-weighted contrast-enhanced (T1CE) MRI images, which were collected from three different public datasets. The model demonstrated excellent performance with an architecture with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$&lt;0.5$</tex> million trainable parameters. Precision, recall, and F1-scores were obtained more than 96% in every class, with a test accuracy of 98%. The proposed CNN model performed better than baseline and transfer learning (VGG16) model, while exhibited much lower computational overhead. The results demonstrated the significant potential for real-time clinical implementation, particularly in resource-constrained settings.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan hasil jadi donat yang dibuat dengan menggunakan ragi instan dan ragi basah berdasarkan karakteristik fisik dan sensorisnya. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dengan uji organoleptik untuk menilai aspek warna, aroma, tekstur, rasa, dan kelembutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa donat dengan ragi basah memiliki tekstur lebih lembut, volume lebih besar, serta cita rasa yang lebih kompleks dan fermentatif dibandingkan donat dengan ragi instan. Aktivitas fermentasi ragi basah yang lebih tinggi menghasilkan lebih banyak gas karbon dioksida dan senyawa volatil yang mempengaruhi aroma serta rasa. Sebaliknya, donat dengan ragi instan memiliki struktur lebih seragam, volume stabil, dan daya simpan lebih lama karena kadar airnya lebih rendah. Dari segi sensoris, donat dengan ragi basah lebih disukai oleh panelis karena memiliki tekstur yang lebih empuk dan cita rasa yang khas. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemilihan jenis ragi harus disesuaikan dengan tujuan produksi. Ragi basah lebih optimal untuk donat yang dikonsumsi segera setelah produksi, sedangkan ragi instan lebih efisien untuk stabilitas volume dan daya simpan yang lebih lama.