National Institute of Justice

ABSTRACT Research has historically defined sex trafficking victimization as a “gendered” problem because most identified victims are women and girls. While the gendered nature of exploitation cannot be ignored, this approach erases specific vulnerabilities in trafficking predation. Extant research shows that Black women and girls are often criminalized in anti-trafficking efforts and not considered “real” victims. This is because while Black women and girls suffer gendered violence, they do not have the privilege of being perceived as just “women” or “girls”—they are Black women and girls. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 28 Black women survivors, this article explores their experiences disclosing their victimization to criminal justice agents. Grounded in intersectional criminology and Black feminism, this article introduces the concept Amplified Victimization, which is the multiplicative effect of trauma and victimization that is intensified or compounded by criminalization, further abuse, or apathy from criminal legal agents and the institution. The article provides a victimization framework that can be applied to all disenfranchised groups experiencing harm and violence and have historically been marginalized as victims by the criminal legal system.

This article is part of the special section of American Anthropologist titled "On Vanishing Fieldsites."The multimodal accompaniment to this article is

ຂະບວນການກົດໝາຍໃນການຢັ້ງຢື່ນຮູບຖ່າຍຕົວທຽບກັບຕົວບຸກຄົນ ແລະ ການຮັບເອກະສານກ່ຽວກັບການຢັ້ງຢືນ ຕ້ອງດຳເນີນການຕາມຂະບວນການຂອງກົດໝາຍ ແລະ ດຳເນີນຕາມຄວາມສະມັກໃຈຂອງບຸກຄົນ,ນິຕິບຸກຄົນ ແລະ ອົງການຈັດຕັ້ງ, ບົດຄົ້ນຄວ້ານີ້ມີຈຸດປະສົງເພື່ອສຶກສາຄົ້ນຄວ້າປຽບທຽບກັບກົດໝາຍວ່າດ້ວຍທະບຽນສານ, ນິຕິກໍາ ແລະ ເອກະສານ ເຊັນ: ລັດຖະບັນຍັດ,ດໍາລັດ,ຕໍາລາ ແລະ ບົດຄວາມທີກ່ຽວຂ້ອງກັບການຢັ້ງຢື່ນຕົວບຸກຄົນທຽບກັບຮູບຖ່າຍ ແລະ ການຮັບເອກະສານກ່ຽວກັບການຢັ້ງຢືນ ໂດຍການດຳເນີນການສຶກສາສົມທຽບກົດໝາຍວ່າດ້ວຍທະບຽນສານ ແລະ ກົດໝາຍອື່ນທີກ່ຽວກັບການທີສໍາຄັນທີ່ເປັນຂໍ້ມູນພື້ນຖານເມືອຊີ່ວັດແມ່ນການລົງສໍາພາດຕາມແບບຟອມ.ຈາກການສຶກສາພົບວ່າ:ຢູ່ ສປປ ລາວ ມີກົດໝາຍວ່າດ້ວຍທະບຽນສານ (ກົດໝາບວ່າດ້ວຍທະບຽນສານ,ສະບັບເລກທີ່ 24 / ສພຊ, ລົງວັນທີ່ 29 ທັນວາ 2022, ມາດຕາ 9 ຂໍ້ທີ່ 6 ແລະ ມາດຕາ 15), ແຕ່ການກໍານົດຂອງກົດໝາຍນີ້ ເປັນລັກສະບໍ່ຊັດເຈນມີຊອງຫວ່າງໃນພາກປະຕິບັດ ແລະ ບໍ່ໄດ້ຮັບການຈັດຕັ້ງຕົວຈີງເທົ່າທີຄວນ ຊື່ງຈະພາໃຫ້ເກີດຜົນເສຍຫາຍໃນຂະບວນການ ຂັ້ນຕອນການຢັ້ງບຢືນ ຕາມມາດຕາ 5 ແລະ ມາດຕາ 20 ອື່ນເຊັນ: ກົດໝາຍເຫຼົ່ານີ້ຍັງໄດ້ໃຫ້ອໍານາດແກ່ແຕ່ລະຂະແໜ່ງການທີ່ກ່ຽວຂ້ອງສາມາດອອກໃບທະບຽນຕ່າງໆ ແຕ່ການອອກໃບອະນຸຍາດຕ່າງໆ ນັ້ນເປັນການຮັບຮູ້ຂອງຂະແໜ່ງການທີ່ກ່ຽວຂ້ອງເທົ່ານັ້ນ, ແຕ່ບໍ່ແມ່ນການອອກການຢັ້ງຢື່ນຂອງນາຍທະບຽນສານ ຕາມທີ່ກົດ ໝາຍວ່າດ້ວຍທະບຽນສານໄດ້ກໍານົດໄວ້, ເຖິງຢ່າງໃດກໍຕາມ ກົດໝາຍສະບັບດັ່ງກ່າວບໍ່ໄດ້ກຳນົດວິທີ ແລະ ຂະບວນການວ່າຄວນນໍາເອົາເອກະສານປະເພດໄດ້ແດ່ ຕ້ອງໄດ້ຮັບຢັ້ງຢື່ນຈາກນາຍທະບຽນສານ, ສີ່ງເຫຼົ່ານີ້ເປັນຊ່ອງວາງ ແລະ ຫຍຸ້ງຍາກບໍ່ສາມາດຈະຊີ້ໄດ້ວ່າ:ຄວນນໍາເອົາເອກະສານດັ່ງກ່າວມາຢັ້ງຢື່ນຊໍ້າອີກເທືອໜື່ງຕາມກົດໝາຍທະບຽນສານບໍ່ ຫຼື ການຢັ້ງຢືນຂ້ອງນາຍທະບຽນສານ.ດ້ວຍເຫດຜົນນີ້, ຈື່ງນໍາເອົາການຢັ້ງຢື່ນຮູບຖ່າຍທຽບກັບຕົວບຸກຄົນ ແລະ ການຮັບເອກະສານກ່ຽວກັບການຢັ້ງຢືນ ມາເປັນບົດຄົ້ນຄວ້າເພືອໃຫ້ຈະແຈ້ງ ແລະ ເປັນທີ່ເຂົ້າໃຈຂອງສັງຄົມວ່າການຢັ້ງຢື່ນຂອງເຈົ້າໜ້າທີ່ທະບຽນສານມີຜົນຕາມກົດໝາຍ ແລະ ເປັນຜົນປະໂຫຍດແນວໃດຕໍ່ເລື່ອງນີ້,ເລື່ອງນັ້ນ ແລະ ຖ້າບໍ່ໄດ້ຮັບການຢັ້ງຢື່ນທາງດ້ານທະບຽນສານຈະເກີດຜົນເສຍແນວໃດຕໍ່ເລື່ອງນັ້ນໆ ຫຼື ເອກະສານດັ່ງກ່າວ,ການຢັ້ງຢື່ນຮູບຖ່າຍທຽບກັບຕົວບຸກຄົນ ແລະ ການຮັບເອກະສານກ່ຽວກັບການຢັ້ງຢືນກໍ່ເຊັນດ່ຽວກັນ,ບັນຫານີ້ ຕ້ອງໄດ້ນໍາໃຊ້ຫຼັກການ,ລັດຖະບັນຍັດ, ດໍາລັດກ່ຽວກັບການ ແລະ ກົດໝາຍເປັນບ່ອນອີງໃນການຢັ້ງຢື່ນຮູບຖ່າຍທຽບກັບຕົວບຸກຄົນ ແລະ ການຮັບເອກະສານກ່ຽວກັບການຢັ້ງຢືນໂດຍລັດດັ່ງກ່າວຕ້ອງໄດ້ສ້າງ, ວິທີການ ແລະ ຂັ້ນຕອນການຕ່າງໃຫ້ຈະແຈ້ງ ໃນ ສປປ ລາວ, ເປັນຕົ້ນເອກະສານທີ່ມີຄວາມຈໍາເປັນຕ້ອງຮັບການຢັ້ງຢື່ນຈາກອົງການທະບຽນສານ ເພື່ອເປັນປະໂຫຍດຕໍ່ປະເທດ, ສັງຄົມເທົ່າທີ່ຄວນ,ຮັກສາຜົນປະໂຫຍດຂອງບຸກຄົນ ແລະ ນິຕິບຸກຄົນຕາມກົດໝາຍ.

Abstract Early video processing tools present a compelling perspective through which to reconsider the integrated practice of Tokyo-based early video artist Nakajima Kō. The author examines Nakajima’s practice through his concepts of animation, the development of his Animaker (1979) and Aniputer (1982), and his perspective on how video connects to Esoteric Buddhist thought. Concluding with Kō’s 1986 video Mt. Fuji, the author illustrates how the work is representative of the hybrid, analog-digital view of video that leads Nakajima to posit video as a cosmic medium circa 1986.

The 2024 National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Forensic Science Research and Development Symposium is intended to promote collaboration and enhance knowledge transfer of NIJ-funded research. The NIJ Forensic Science Research and Development Program funds both basic or applied research and development projects that will (1) increase the body of knowledge to guide and inform forensic science policy and practice or (2) result in the production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods that have the potential for forensic application. The intent of this program is to direct the findings of basic scientific research; research and development in broader scientific fields applicable to forensic science; and ongoing forensic science research toward the development of highly discriminating, accurate, reliable, cost-effective, and rapid methods for the identification, analysis, and interpretation of physical evidence for criminal justice purposes.

The problem of violence perpetrated against women in India is not simple. It is embroiled in the historical subjugation of the ‘weaker sex.’ Women have been unable to claim equality in society despite mandatory provisions in the Constitution of India and other legislations in their favour. Despite numerous amendments to the Indian criminal law, rape, one of the most heinous crimes, continues to be committed in India at an alarming rate. The law on Rape in India has undergone three phases of amendments, and all precipitated in the aftermath of public fury on account of brutal and heinous incidents of rape. This paper employs the socio-legal approach to assess the efficacy and impact of these amendments in changing social behaviour. It concludes that though the massive public outrage undoubtedly led to radical amendments, it was a knee-jerk reaction that suffered from legislative ambiguities. The increase in the retributive content of the law ultimately resulted in reduced convictions. Although law is believed to be an instrument of social change, the amendments in the anti-rape legislation have been unable to bring about a positive transformation in the existing cultural inequality.

This study is a follow-up to Digital Evidence in Criminal Cases before the U.S. Courts of Appeal: Trends and Issues for Consideration – 2010 to 2015. The current study examines appeals of criminal cases before the United States Courts of Appeal from January 2016 through August 2020, where one or more appeal claims were related to digital evidence. The purpose of this research was to determine if the legal landscape has changed since 2015; examine the most relevant legal issues related to digital evidence; and analyze how precedential cases may have affected digital forensics as evidence.