National Telecommunication Regulatory Authority

Fish processing waste represents a significant, underutilized biomass resource, with global annual production typically estimated at 50–130 million tonnes. Current disposal methods, such as landfilling and ocean dumping, contribute to eutrophication, nutrient enrichment, and climate change. Additionally, food system assessments indicate that waste accounts for approximately 8% of greenhouse gas emissions. This review consolidates existing evidence on the zero-waste valorisation of fish byproducts within circular bioeconomy frameworks, analysing technological feasibility, environmental performance, and regulatory constraints. The analysis investigates significant side streams, including scales, skin, bones, viscera, heads, oils, swim bladders, crustacean exoskeletons, fins, and livers, focusing on compositional variability and its implications for process design. The evaluation of key extraction and conversion routes includes enzymatic hydrolysis, ultrasound-assisted processing, microwave-assisted processing, supercritical fluid extraction, and pulsed electric field treatment, with an emphasis on recovery yield, functional quality, and energy intensity. Integrated biorefinery configurations achieve over 70% resource recovery and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50–75% compared to disposal. However, outcomes depend on feedstock logistics, stabilization, and the integration of unit operations. Persistent barriers encompass sanitary compliance, cross-batch standardization, contaminant surveillance and removal, and substantial capital requirements, which disproportionately hinder operators in small-scale and developing countries. Research priorities encompass techno-economic assessment, life-cycle impact quantification, regulatory harmonization, and quality specifications, as well as policy implements that mitigate investment risks and expedite deployment.

Conglomerate caves are rare, and only a few have been described in the scientific literature. Here, we present a newly discovered and significant cave system in SW Hungary, comprising over 500 m of upper passages and a shorter, lower section of a through-cave developed in Lower–Middle Miocene conglomerates. The formation of these cave passages was controlled chiefly by bedding and fractures. Dissolution has produced typical karstification morphologies, whereas corrasion, granular disintegration, and rock collapse have also played a role in shaping the cave. The cave is dominated by vadose-zone morphologies, but sediment infills indicating upward water flow, along with ceiling solution features, suggest intervals of paragenetic dissolution. The several meter thick clastic infill consists of gravel and reworked loess, and the cave is decorated with various speleothems. The cave has a rich fossil assemblage composed of Miocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene vertebrate remains, including a Miocene rhinocerotid mandible, fish and reptile remains and coprolites, along with two species of mammoth and other large mammals of Pleistocene age. The modern taphocoenosis is described to provide an analogue for interpreting fossil cave assemblages. It contains both disarticulated and associated bones, mostly of from large herbivores, medium and small sized carnivores, small mammals, and even fish. They entered the cave both on their own and as prey carried by predators. Fluctuations in the karst water table may have contributed to the trapping and deaths of animals. The abundant tectonic features in the cave indicate that the host rocks and their first generation deformations formed during Pannonian Basin rifting, followed by later strike-slip faulting. Fossils provide a minimum age of 0.8-0.7 Ma for the cave, whereas conduit geometry and exotic clastic infill point to an even older age. Recent deposition of reworked loess has narrowed cave passages, affecting accessibility, which is also influenced by precipitation-driven karst water table oscillations.

Cloud systems are increasingly challenged by job failures caused by fluctuating workloads and unpredictable resource availability. While much of the existing research emphasizes failure prediction, less attention has been given to implementing mitigation strategies post-prediction. This paper introduces an Adaptive Failure Mitigation Framework that combines machine learning-based failure prediction with adaptive resource management techniques. Using historical logs and system metrics, the framework applies the Random Forest algorithm to classify potential failure types. Based on these predictions, a rule-based Cloud Manager dynamically executes appropriate corrective actions tailored to job priority, predicted failure category, and real-time node availability. The corrective strategies include dynamic resource reallocation, job rescheduling, live migration to alternative servers, and replication of critical tasks to ensure continuity and data safety. Evaluations conducted using the Google 2019 dataset show the framework achieves a high classification accuracy of 99.98% in identifying failure types and successfully mitigates 91.2% of predicted job failures.

Abstract This paper presents a lithography-free broadband metamaterial absorber designed to cover the visible wavelength spectrum. Two equivalent circuit models based on Transmission Line theory (TL) and Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) are introduced to accurately characterize the absorber's performance. The proposed models are validated by numerical simulations and compared with existing experimental data, showing a strong agreement with the results. To maximize absorption capability, the structure is further optimized using a hybrid Gravitational Search Particle Swarm Optimization (GSPSO) algorithm. The optimized tungsten structure, with a thin thickness of approximately 160 nm, can achieve absorption over 90% across the visible range from 400 to 785 nm and an average absorption of 96%. Moreover, the absorber exhibits a peak absorbance of over 95% within the range from 435 to 665 nm. In addition, the proposed absorber demonstrates high absorption characteristics, maintaining over 80% absorptivity for incident angles up to 60°, for both TE and TM modes. Therefore, the superior performance characteristics of this absorber, as well as the absence of the need for lithography in the fabrication process, make it a highly promising choice for large-scale manufacturing of devices that operate in the visible light region.

The cybersecurity landscape is increasingly challenged by the growing digital footprint and the sophistication of cyber threats, necessitating experts to stay updated and extract actionable insights from a deluge of Cyber Threat Intelligence data. Given the impracticality of manually processing approximately 60,000 pieces of Cyber Threat Intelligence released monthly, this paper introduces the Cybersecurity Entity Extraction Tool, an efficient technique leveraging pre-trained transformer-based large language models and an artificial neural network to extract named entities from unstructured sources within the cybersecurity domain. This tool not only facilitates the identification and contextual understanding of cyber threats but also achieves a commendable F1-score of 92% across 14 distinct labels, significantly mitigating the limitations of previous methods and enhancing the capability of analysts to process large volumes of Cyber Threat Intelligence data efficiently.

This study was performed to evaluate the safety and quality criteria of six raw sharks; Centrophorus granulosus, Carcharhinus plumbeus, Heptanchias perio, Mustelus mosis, Mustelus mustelus, and Squalus blainvillei samples caught from the Mediterranean Sea at Al-Anfoushi, Alexandria, Egypt during September 2021-Augustus, 2023. Some microbial and heavy metals pollutants as well as the nutritive value of sharks' samples were determined. The results obtained showed that the aerobic plate count (APC), coliform group and fungus count (FC) of raw samples recorded 7.90 -9.12, 77.00 -95.67, and 1.33 -1.82×103 cfug-1, respectively. Other pollutants, levels of Pb, Cd, Hg and Me-Hg were within than the international maximum permissible limits (MPLs). The chemical composition of six shark species ranged of 74.62-75.52% moisture, 22.58-23.60 % crude protein, 0.50-0.64% fat, and 1.21-1.59% ash content. In addition, values of TVB and TMA content were increased in raw samples; due to shark's meat contains some non-nitrogenous compounds. The average of total essential amino acids (EAAs) was higher (57.41 -58.61) than nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) content (39.70 -42.19). in conclusion, this study based on results obtained recommends that raw sharks have high safety and quality as well as they one of solutions to overcome of fish gap in Egypt as a similar in other countries after their treatment to reduce the urea content that limit its use as food for human consumption.

The Transylvanian basin is one of the major Tertiary sedimentary basins in the Carpathian-Pannonian region. Its thick sedimentary fill contains prominent Middle Miocene age salt that forms major diapir structures at the basin margins. The microstructural characteristics of the rock salt represent one of the main factors that determines the potential of a salt body for storage of hydrogen. The main aim of this study is to extend our understanding of the deformation mechanism of Praid rock salt located at the eastern margin of the Transylvanian basin. Based on petrography, we identified two types of rock salt: (1) layered salt with rather uniform grain size distribution showing alternation of greyish (clay mineral bearing) and white (clear halite) layers, and (2) massive grey salt with large, elongated halite crystals, accompanied by sub-micrometer size grains of halite. To shed light on the microstructure of the rock salt, we performed electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping, and studied gamma-irradiated samples both in the massive and layered salt samples. Dislocation creep and pressure solution creep were identified which acted concurrently in the Praid rock salt. The total strain rate falls between 1.2 and 1.3×10−10 s−1. The results of this study reveal a complex deformation history of the salt body where coexisting and migrating fluids have played an important role. The outcome of this project contributes to the hydrogen storage potential assessment for the Transylvanian salt and to a better understanding of the structural evolution of the Transylvanian basin.

Abstract Different types of laser source modulation techniques have been used in various applications depending on the objective. As optical systems extract the laws and the best solutions from experiments and simulations, the present study uses simulation software with different modulation types so the output signals can be compared. The modulators used are Mach-Zehnder, which is an external modulator, and electro-absorption modulator and laser rate equation modulator, which are direct modulators. All these types have an optical link multimode (MM) fiber with a photodiode in the receiver end that can be modeled. The input and output signals are analyzed using different types of modulations.

The microbial analysis of fish is critical for ensuring overall health. Uncooked fish can serve as a conduit for transmitting several types of microbes; the current investigation sought to assess the bacterial levels in various kinds of fish from Nasser Lake, Aswan, Egypt, considered the chief source of potable water in Egypt. Two hundred and fifty fish samples, including 50 of each Oreochromis niloticus, Sander lucioperca, Lates niloticus, Clarias gariepinus, and Mormyrus kannume, from Nasser Lake, Aswan, Egypt, were collected to detect the bacterial load, isolation, and identification of Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and their virulence genes. The findings revealed that Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus exhibited higher bacterial loads than other fish species. Incidences of bacterial contamination among examined fishes were 28.8%, 20.4%, and 16% for Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, respectively. Additionally, PCR analysis detected the presence of aerA (60%) and Act (40%) genes in A. hydrophila, rpoB (70%) and LasB (30%) genes in P. aeruginosa, and ToxR (70%) and tdh (50%) genes in V. parahaemolyticus. The study suggested that the bacterial contamination levels in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus could be notably more significant than in other species that could potentially be harmful to the consumers, especially considering the identification of particular bacteria known to cause foodborne illnesses. Further recommendations emphasized that regular monitoring and assessments are required to preserve their quality.