National University of Saint Anthony the Abbot in Cuzco

El presente estudio analiza la relación entre la preservación del patrimonio cultural y la sostenibilidad turística mediante una revisión de literatura con énfasis en el caso de Machu Picchu, Perú. El objetivo fue examinar los principales enfoques teóricos y hallazgos empíricos sobre conservación arqueológica, valorización patrimonial y gestión turística sostenible, a fin de identificar estrategias que contribuyan a equilibrar la protección del sitio con su aprovechamiento económico. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistematizada de once estudios académicos seleccionados bajo criterios de inclusión y calidad metodológica. Los resultados evidencian que la conservación efectiva requiere marcos normativos sólidos, planificación estratégica de largo plazo, participación comunitaria y regulación del flujo turístico. Asimismo, la literatura converge en que la valorización del patrimonio puede fortalecer el desarrollo socioeconómico cuando se integra a modelos de gobernanza participativa; sin embargo, la presión turística descontrolada y la mercantilización cultural representan riesgos significativos para la integridad material y simbólica del sitio. Se concluye que la sostenibilidad turística en Machu Picchu demanda un enfoque integral que articule preservación arqueológica, identidad cultural y desarrollo responsable, consolidando mecanismos institucionales y comunitarios que garanticen su conservación a largo plazo.

Tropical Andean glaciers provide an important flux of freshwater to communities living both in high-altitude Cordillera and population centres downstream in countries such as Peru and Bolivia. Glacier recession threatens the sustainability of these water resources, and accurate modelling of future glacier behaviour is required to manage water stress in the region. These models must capture all processes contributing significantly to overall glacier mass budgets. Here we examine supraglacial pond and ice cliff development on three clean-ice glaciers in the Cordillera Vilcanota, Peru and their overall contribution to glacier mass balance. Whilst such features are common and well-studied on debris-covered glaciers, their development on debris-free glaciers has not been examined in detail. We use high-resolution contemporary and historical satellite imagery and repeat drone surveys to examine surface structure and geometry change over three glaciers during 1977–2024. We show how cliff and pond formation is driven by aspect-dependent surface melt of crevasse walls. These features act as ice loss hotspots, which enhance glacier net mass loss by ∼10% despite accounting for

Public budgets are often evaluated based on expenditure execution, even though their objective is to transform resources into verifiable goods, services, and results. Regional evidence shows that spending more does not guarantee better social outcomes; therefore, efficiency is a key component of fiscal quality: maximizing results with given resources or minimizing costs for defined goals, with territorial equity and sustainability. This article presents a review of measurement criteria and instruments, highlighting cutting-edge approaches and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Four dimensions are organized: allocative, technical or operational, economic, and dynamic efficiency, with economic evaluation and performance analysis. A DEA protocol applicable to health, education, and subnational governments is proposed, with a second stage to identify institutional and territorial determinants. Recommendations for better spending are offered: strengthening results-based budgeting, standardizing indicators, targeting technical assistance, introducing fiscal productivity incentives, and improving the governance of the expenditure cycle.

Objective: The study aimed to critically analyze international and Latin American comparative evidence on the governance, ethics, and regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) use in public and private organizations. Emphasis was placed on its organizational applicability in terms of values and principles, regulatory design, and implementation capabilities. The aim was to articulate an integrative framework that connects these components in an operational manner. Methodology: A qualitative, documentary, and analytical approach was adopted, based on a recent corpus of academic and technical-legal literature selected for its thematic relevance and currency; the information was systematized using study matrices and examined through thematic coding and content analysis. Results: The findings revealed a sustained convergence across three components: values and principles, regulatory and institutional architecture, and organizational capacities for implementation and control. However, they also revealed a recurring fragmentation between normative development and its operational translation into internal oversight, accountability, and risk management mechanisms, particularly in Latin American contexts. Conclusions: It was concluded that effective AI governance requires explicitly articulating values and principles in the regulatory design and in the assessment of institutional capacities. This is because implementation feasibility and organizational legitimacy depend on that integration. Additionally, it was recommended to strengthen the empirical agenda through comparative studies, mixed methods design, and longitudinal analyzing. This will allow linking regulatory frameworks with verifiable evidence of implementation and oversight.

In this paper, the concept of the Interval Contingent Derivative is presented, which allows identifying a relationship between the contingent derivative of a compact convex-valued multifunction and the single-level derivative of an interval-valued function.

Abstract Tropical glaciers are important indicators of climate change, provide freshwater resources for downstream communities, and form an important component of the hydrological cycle. Understanding the dynamics and patterns of behaviour of tropical palaeoglaciers is important for interpreting their sensitivities and vulnerabilities. Glacier advances in the high tropical Peruvian Andes occurred multiple times during the last glacial cycle and Holocene, leaving complex geomorphological evidence on the landscape. The substantial topographic, geological and climatic variability in this region leads to high geomorphic diversity. However, few detailed geomorphological studies have been conducted to date, leading to considerable uncertainty in the behaviours and drivers of tropical palaeoglaciers. Here, we provide a detailed geomorphological analysis of the Cordillera Vilcanota, Cusco region, southern Peru (71°W, 13.7°S), and use morphostratigraphic principles to reconstruct the former maximum icefield extent and palaeoglacier advances. Across this domain, we mapped ~23,000 features encompassing five key environments: glacier, subglacial, ice‐marginal, fluvial and lacustrine. The mapped features show evidence of both modern‐day polythermal and temperate ice margins, with low meltwater volumes leading to small‐scale glaciofluvial landform formation. However, larger moraines, beyond those well‐dated to the Younger Dryas and Antarctic Cold Reversal, assumed to represent Last Glacial Maximum and earlier advances, suggest that conditions were temperate and drained by more substantial rivers, with coupled flow of ice and till, and evidence of subglacial scouring, drumlin formation and the deposition of substantial moraines and large palaeosandar. Our reconstructed maximum icefield covers 2,660 km 2 and was drained by multiple topographically constrained ice lobes across the region. In the north, these ice lobes reached an elevation of 3,500 m asl, but were limited to above 4,500 m asl in the south, likely reflecting the dominant moisture sources. Our geomorphological mapping reveals seven clear ice margins, morphostratigraphically correlated across the study region, reflecting at least seven palaeoglacier advances during the last glacial cycle, including the Late Glacial period and the Holocene.

La transformación y degradación del paisaje en el territorio del Valle Sagrado de los Incas resultó un tema relevante para la planificación territorial. Los objetivos de la investigación fueron describir los procesos territoriales de urbanización, su valor histórico cultural y ambiental; interpretar los cambios del paisaje, y plantear un esquema de ocupación del territorio. La investigación se desarrolla en el distrito de Pisac parte integrante del Valle Sagrado de los Incas. El diseño del estudio es descriptivo, centrándose en el análisis detallado del paisaje y territorio, una metodología que combina el análisis de fuentes documentales, el trabajo de campo y el uso de sistemas de información geográfica. Los resultados evidenciaron equilibrio entre ocupación antrópica y el entorno natural de los primeros habitantes, grandes trasformaciones territoriales y paisajísticas realizadas por el estado Inca, la reducción de los asentamientos incaicos implantadas en la colonia española, la fragmentación del territorio ocasionada por la reforma agraria, se verificó la transformación y degradación del paisaje en la actualidad. Los resultados identificaron cinco transformaciones que cambiaron el paisaje; la deforestación, transformaciones territoriales, el establecimiento de reducciones; la reforma agraria, el turismo y la necesidad de obtener suelo urbano. Se concluye en el planteamiento de un esquema de zonificación y ocupación, aplicando conceptos de transecto urbano, ciudad compacta.

The content presents the oral traditions that explain the miraculous appearance of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception in the former settlement of Anta during the early colonial period, according to which the Virgin manifested herself in a cactus grove known as hawaqollay, an event that led first to the construction of an initial chapel and later to the main church, involving children, local caciques and ecclesiastical authorities who were believed to have witnessed the apparitions; it further examines the process of enthroning the Marian image, noting that the original sculpture—possibly linked to the Cusco School—was destroyed in the fire of 1936, and highlights the role of encomenderos and bishops in the building, consolidation and consecration of the church under the dedication of the Immaculate Conception; likewise, it analyses the construction initiated in 1666 under the supervision of the Bishopric of Cusco with active community participation, describing the architectural features, materials, dimensions and principal structural elements of the building, as well as its state of conservation prior to the 1998 restoration, which revealed damage caused by humidity, structural deterioration and loss of surface finishes; finally, it emphasises the rich heritage value of the church of Anta, expressed in the coexistence of original colonial elements with structures rebuilt after the fire and in the presence of altars and Baroque works of notable artistic quality that reinforce its historical, cultural and religious significance.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el desempeño morfológico de plantas de lechuga cultivadas con tres soluciones hidropónicas en un sistema de película nutritiva recirculante, identificando la formulación más eficiente en condiciones de invernadero. Se utilizaron plantas de dos variedades de lechuga y se aplicaron tres soluciones nutritivas. Se midieron la altura de planta, número de hojas, diámetro, peso fresco y peso seco. El análisis estadístico permitió comparar los tratamientos e identificar diferencias significativas. Los resultados evidenciaron que la solución experimental mostró los valores más altos en la mayoría de las variables con diferencias significativas (p < 0.05). En la variedad Boston Blanca, la altura promedio alcanzó 27.8 centímetros, superior a los 24,3 centímetros obtenidos con la solución La Molina. El número de hojas llegó a 19.6 unidades, en contraste con 16,2 unidades en la solución Hidropónika. El diámetro de planta registró 31,4 centímetros, superando los 27,9 centímetros de las otras formulaciones. El peso fresco alcanzó 221,5 gramos, frente a 188,7 gramos de La Molina y 176,4 gramos de Hidropónika. El peso seco alcanzó 12,4 gramos, significativamente mayor que los 9,1 gramos logrados con las soluciones comparativas. Estos resultados confirman que la solución experimental favorece el crecimiento morfológico de manera consistente. En conclusión, la solución experimental optimiza el desarrollo de las plantas de lechuga en el sistema de película nutritiva recirculante, demostrando el mejor rendimiento en todas las variables analizadas. Su eficacia la posiciona como una alternativa recomendada para mejorar la producción hidropónica en regiones altoandinas con limitaciones climáticas.