National Veterinary Research Institute

Hodgkin lymphoma is a rare neoplasm of the lymphatic system, representing one of the most common cancers in young adults. It is characterised by a low number of malignant cells derived from B-lymphocytes and an extensive microenvironment. We used Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases with search descriptors; “Hodgkin* lymphoma“ and “Hodgkin* disease”. The common bibliometric indicators were applied. We retrieved a total of 18,304 articles within 2002 and 2022. The growth pattern showed a saturated pattern, with the linear and exponential plots coinciding. A small number of authors were responsible for the majority of the publications, with a transience index of 71.84%. The Bradford core consisted of 32 journals, with Leukemia and Lymphoma being at the top. The most productive institutions were resident in United States with the University of Texas MD Anderson Center at the helm. The United States was found to be the most productive country. Engert A. was the most productive author. Scientific production in Hodgkin lymphoma was found to be saturated with a high transience index. This study provides a reference for oncologists, epidemiologists, funders, policy decision makers, academics, and Hodgkin lymphoma researchers.

African swine fever is a transboundary disease of wild boar and domestic pigs that is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), with a mortality rate of 100 % in naïve animals. The ongoing spread poses a significant threat to food security and economic stability globally. In Nigeria, frequent outbreaks of the disease have been reported since 1997, and genetic analysis of Nigerian ASFV has defined virulent genotypes I and II. The disease has caused a significant impact in the pig-producing regions of the country, resulting in high economic losses. For improved control of the virus, a better knowledge of the virus's genetic diversity is required. Here, we report five complete genome assemblies of ASFV from Nigeria, four genomes assembled with hybrid sequencing platforms and one using the Oxford Nanopore Technology, from different outbreaks between 2020 and 2024. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these outbreak strains are of genotypes I and II, showing a striking sequence similarity to Benin 97/1 and Nigeria-RV502 of ≥99.90 %. Evolutionary analysis identified CAM1994 and Mauritius MAU/01/2007 to be the closest to the common ancestor of the circulating virus strains in Nigeria. The study reports for the first time the simultaneous occurrence of genotypes I and II in Nigeria. The study documents the evolutionary pattern of the two circulating genotypes in Nigeria and the West African region, allowing monitoring of the transmission dynamics, which will help strengthen surveillance and disease control.

The study assess the food crisis in Vwang District, Jos South LGA, Plateau State, to see why people are hungry, how it's affecting their lives, and the real impact it has on community peace. We spoke to 390 people mostly men (72.6%), and the majority were employed (51.3%) and married (73.1%). Despite having jobs and families, the situation is desperate: a shocking 76.9% faced food shortages in the last three months, and a devastating 89.7% confirmed that someone in their family had gone to bed hungry. This isn't just an occasional problem; a massive 90.3% of households actually went for one to three days without food recently. Every single person (100%) agreed that this hunger is actively harming their health. The main culprits are economic: high food prices (34.1%) were the biggest factor, with unemployment (28.7%) and low income (22.8%) close behind, while climate-related issues (14.4%) also played a significant role. To survive, people are forced to make painful sacrifices, mainly reducing meal sizes (58.7%) or skipping meals entirely (31.0%), since very few could rely on borrowing food or getting help from NGOs (both 5.1%). The core takeaway is that food insecurity in Vwang is an urgent threat to health, economic stability, and social harmony.

Background: Rabies is among the oldest known zoonotic viral diseases and is caused by members of the Lyssavirus genus. The prototype species, Lyssavirus rabies, effectively evades the host immune response, allowing the infection to progress unnoticed until the onset of clinical signs. At this stage, the disease is irreversible and invariably fatal, with definitive diagnosis possible only post-mortem. Given the advances in modern proteomics, this study aimed to identify potential protein biomarkers for antemortem diagnosis of rabies in dogs, which are the principal reservoir hosts of the rabies virus. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-one samples (brain tissues (BT), cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), and serum (SR) samples) were collected from apparently healthy dogs brought for slaughter for human consumption in South-East and North-Central Nigeria. All the BT were subjected to a direct fluorescent antibody test to confirm the presence of lyssavirus antigen, and 8.7% (n = 20) were positive. Protein extraction, quantification, reduction, and alkylation were followed by on-bead (HILIC) cleanup and tryptic digestion. The resulting peptides from each sample were injected into the Evosep One LC system, coupled to the timsTOF HT MS, using the standard dia-PASEF short gradient data acquisition method. Data was processed using SpectronautTM (v19). An unpaired t-test was performed to compare identified protein groups (proteins and their isoforms) between the rabies-infected and uninfected BT, CSF, and SR samples. Results: The study yielded 54 significantly differentially abundant proteins for the BT group, 299 for the CSF group, and 280 for the SR group. Forty-five overlapping differentially abundant proteins were identified between CSF and SR, one between BT and CSF, and two between BT and SR; none were found that overlapped all three groups. Within the BT group, 33 proteins showed increased abundance, while 21 showed decreased abundance in the rabies-positive samples. In the CSF group, 159 proteins had increased abundance and 140 had decreased abundance in the rabies-positive samples. For the SR group, 215 proteins showed increased abundance, and 65 showed decreased abundance in the rabies-positive samples. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that pathways associated with CSF, spinocerebellar ataxia, and neurodegeneration were among the significant findings. Conclusion: This study identified canonical proteins in CSF and SR that serve as candidate biomarkers for rabies infection, offering insights into neuronal dysfunction and potential tools for early diagnosis.

Avian influenza virus (AIV) infections in cats are a new and not fully understood problem in Poland. These infections have drawn the attention of both veterinarians and human medical practitioners, mainly because of their zoonotic potential, i.e. possible spreading to humans and other mammals. In wild felids as well as in domestic cats, AIV can cause severe infections, often ending in death. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) have been identified, with the recent H5N1 (2.3.4.4b clade) outbreak affecting poultry, wild birds and carnivores. Transmission likely occurs through contact with infected birds, their excretions or contaminated raw poultry, while cat-to-cat transmission remains unconfirmed. First reported in Thailand in 2003, H5N1 infections in cats have since occurred in multiple countries. In Poland, 25 confirmed cases were identified in June 2023, with genetic sequencing linking the virus to strains detected in local wild birds. The virus primarily replicates in the lower respiratory tract, spreading via viremia or nerve fibers, causing multi-organ failure. While avian influenza in cats is severe and often fatal, it should not yet be considered an epidemic. Further interdisciplinary research is essential to clarify transmission routes and assess the zoonotic risk. Additionally, differential diagnosis should include rabies, which presents similar neurological symptoms and remains a critical public health concern. This article presents the current knowledge of H5N1 virus infection in cats, especially the possible routes for its spreading, the current epizootic situation of the disease around the world, its pathogenesis, clinical course and methods of diagnosis.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the consumption of seafood such as shellfish and crustaceans due to their pleasant taste and nutritional value. Fish are also a crucial part of a healthy, balanced diet. However, the consumption of these products may cause food poisoning through marine biotoxins. In recent years, several legal acts have been published by the European Commission to regulate toxin limits and describe their reference analysis methods. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 853/2004 established the maximum contents of marine biotoxins only in bivalve mollusks. Although other groups of marine organisms such as crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, and lobsters) and fish are not included in the EU rules for toxin monitoring, they may still be vectors of marine biotoxins for humans. Due to this, there is an urgent need for studies regarding the occurrence of marine biotoxins in non-bivalve seafood organisms and their potential influence on public health. In this review, the most important cases of accumulation of marine biotoxins in crustaceans and fish in recent years are described.

This narrative review synthesizes evidence on clinical, regulatory, economic, and social aspects of generic drug use, focusing on European and Polish contexts. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and regulatory sources for English and Polish-language records published January 2015 to October 2025. Regulatory authorities apply rigorous bioequivalence and Good Manufacturing Practice standards ensuring generics meet the same quality requirements as branded counterparts. Across most small-molecule indications, these standards predict comparable therapeutic outcomes, with residual caution for narrow-therapeutic-index or modified-release medicines. Despite regulatory assurance, perceptions of inferiority persist among healthcare professionals and patients, influenced by misinformation, inconsistent communication, and branding cues. Economically, generics consistently reduce public and out-of-pocket expenditures and enable reinvestment in innovative therapies. Policy tools such as reference pricing, INN prescribing, and pharmacist substitution shape uptake, though implementation varies. Supply-chain vulnerabilities and market-sustainability pressures threaten continuity of access. Four priority actions emerge: improve transparency of regulatory decisions and product-level information at point of care, standardize professional and public education on generic equivalence, protect sustainable competition through calibrated pricing and diversified sourcing, and prioritize real-world comparative research in sensitive indications. These measures would strengthen trust, ensure reliable access, and allow savings to be reinvested in high-value innovation.

The highly fatal rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) that first emerged in 1984 in China has spread worldwide and affects both domestic and wild rabbits. The disease was originally caused by RHD virus (Lagovirus europaeus, L.europaeus) of GI.1 genotype, but over the years, two further pathogenic forms, known as the antigenic and genetic variant RHDVa (GI.1a) and RHDV2 (genotype GI.2), have been identified. RHD was first reported in Poland in 1988, when two RHDV strains were isolated, currently classified as GI.1c, while RHDVa and RHDV2 emerged in 2003 and 2016, respectively. In this study, using virological and molecular methods, we characterized five new RHDV strains belonging to GI.1 (RHDV)/GI.1a (RHDVa) and GI.2 (RHDV2) genotypes isolated in Poland in 2020–2022, in domestic rabbits from backyard farm and companion animals. We showed that two strains of L. europaeus (NRU 2020 and LIB 2020) from 2020 in the phylogenies of nonstructural proteins (NSP) and structural capsid protein (SP-VP60) clustered in a homogeneous GI.1a variant group. We stated that three strains of L. europaeus from 2020 to 2022 (KOB 2020, ZWO 2021, WAE 2022) in the VP60 phylogeny were positioned in the GI.2 (RHDV2) genotype, while in the NSP phylogeny, they are genetically related to recombinants with the GI.3/GI.2 genotype. Unexpectedly, in two RHD cases identified in the same small geographical area of south-eastern Poland (Libusza and Kobylanka), the close coexistence of RHDVa (LIB2020) and RHDV2 (KOB2020) strains capable of causing independent infections at the same time was found. This leads to the conclusion that the close natural coexistence of RHDV strains belonging to different genotypes does not necessarily have to directly lead to the emergence of new genetic or antigenic variants, which confirms the distinctness of both genetic forms and indicates different evolutionary paths leading to the best possible adaptation to the host.

The concepts of matrix-tertions and matrix-noittrets were first introduced by Atanssov, K. T. and Shannon, A. G. [1] as mathematical enrichment exercises involving objects that lie between two-dimensional vectors and 2×2 matrices. This idea was later extended by Ajibade, A. O. [2] through the introduction of rhotrices, mathematical structures positioned between 2×2 and 3×3 matrices. Various multiplication operations for rhotrices, including heart-oriented and row–column multiplications, have been studied extensively, yielding several important results. Building on these developments, the paraletrix was introduced as a generalization of the rhotrix, defined as a structure in which the number of rows and columns need not be equal. In this paper, we extend the theory of paraletrices by introducing the concepts of differentiation and integration with respect to an independent variable occurring in a function, thereby contributing to the broader mathematical framework of generalized matrix-like objects.