NavarraBiomed

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and immune cell infiltration increase the pathological outcomes present in aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and stroke. NADPH oxidase 5 (NOX5) is a ROS-producing enzyme that promotes BBB-permeability in vivo by altering the endothelial junctions (EJs). The aim of this project was to elucidate the mechanisms by which NOX5 dysregulates EJs in endothelial cells and whether it increases immune infiltrates in a systemic inflammatory condition, using a murine model of ischemic stroke. A brain microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3) and HUVECs infected with a NOX5 overexpressing adenovirus were used to study the effects of this protein on EJs, endothelial phenotype, and immune cell adhesion and infiltration in vitro . An endothelial NOX5 knock-in mouse was used to study EJs expression in the brain. Finally, in an experimental model of ischemic stroke induced by FeCl 3 we analyzed the potential effects of NOX5 on the infiltration of immune cells to the brain. NOX5 overexpression dysregulated EJs and increased permeability in hCMEC/D3 cells. In HUVECs, overexpression of NOX5 promoted the remodeling of the cytoskeleton and increased inflammatory cell adhesion and infiltration. Under inflammatory conditions, such as those present in ischemic stroke, mice expressing endothelial NOX5 exhibited an increase in the infiltration of immune cells in the brain across the vasculature of the non-infarcted (contralateral) hemisphere and increased inflammatory markers in the infarcted (ipsilateral) hemisphere. NOX5 promotes the dysregulation of EJs and cytoskeletal changes in endothelial cells, which leads to an increased immune cell infiltration in the brain at proinflammatory situations.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly used in agriculture, logistics, smart cities, environmental monitoring, and industrial automation. However, many remote, rural, maritime, and disaster-prone regions remain disconnected because deploying terrestrial infrastructure is prohibitively expensive or technically infeasible. Direct-to-Satellite IoT (DtS-IoT) addresses this gap by leveraging Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies, such as adapted LoRa and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), which both enable direct communication between IoT devices and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites and provide the long-range, low-power operation required for such links. This tutorial paper provides a structured and accessible introduction to DtS-IoT. Building on recent literature, it covers seven major themes: ( i ) system architectures, ( ii ) constellation design, ( iii ) LPWAN protocols, ( iv ) key challenges, ( v ) simulation tools, ( vi ) experimental studies, and ( vii ) future directions and open research issues. The goal is to guide the reader through the foundational concepts, design principles, and current technological landscape of DtS-IoT, offering a comprehensive set of references for further study.

To translate, culturally adapt and validate the first Spanish version of the Person-centred Practice Inventory-Care (PCPI-C) instrument. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation. Two-phase research design: (1) the PCPI-C's translation and cultural adaptation from English to Spanish following the 'Translation and Cultural Adaptation of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures-Principles Guide of Good Practice' tool; and (2) a cross-sectional quantitative survey to assess the Spanish version's psychometric properties. A sample of 200 patients participated to obtain the PCPI-C's Spanish version. No significant issues arose during the translation process or the consulting sessions. No item exhibited an inadequate value following adjustment via the weighted kappa index (-scale-level content validity average of 0.95 for clarity and 0.97 for relevance). Psychometric evaluation revealed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha from 0.67 to 0.84) and strong construct validity. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a five-dimensional structure consistent with the domain Person-Centred Processes. Fit indices improved after model refinements, achieving CFI = 0.92, SRMR = 0.05 and RMSEA = 0.07. This study's observed psychometric properties confirm that the PCPI-C's Spanish version retains the original instrument's theoretical integrity, while showing strong reliability and validity in the new context. The PCPI-C's Spanish translation was psychometrically valid when tested with Spanish patients, thus providing a culturally appropriate, psychometrically sound tool to evaluate Spanish-speaking patients' perception of person-centred care. This study provides a validated instrument that allows for the assessment of person-centred practice in Spanish-speaking clinical environments. It enables healthcare professionals to measure patients' perceptions, track the implementation of person-centred principles and supports international comparative studies, contributing to the development of more ethical and responsive models of care. Patients participated in cognitive consultations and completed the survey for psychometric testing, ensuring that the translated items were understandable, culturally appropriate and reflective of their experiences of person-centred care.

Circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) are important components of the HIV-1 pandemic. Previous studies have reported the propagation of diverse HIV-1 CRFs of South American origin in Europe. Here, through protease-reverse transcriptase (Pr-RT) and integrase sequence analyses, we identify a Spanish cluster (BC3) branching with a Brazilian virus (10BR_RJ009) previously classified as CRF146_BC. In Pr-RT, BC3 comprised 14 viruses and was nested within a larger cluster, comprising 22 Brazilian viruses and 1 Spanish virus branching outside of BC3. Near full-length genome analyses of five BC3 viruses revealed mosaic structures identical to 10BR_RJ009, with two breakpoints delimiting a ~0.3 kb subtype B fragment within an otherwise subtype C genome. Two other Brazilian viruses previously classified as CRF146_BC (10BR_RJ039 and 01_BR_RGS69) had one and two additional short subtype B fragments, respectively, and failed to group with the 10BR_RJ009/BC3 cluster in subtype C fragments. Based on these results, we contend that 10BR_RJ009 and BC3 viruses, but not 10BR_RJ039 and 01_BR_RGS69, should be classified as CRF146_BC. Bayesian analyses estimated the CRF146_BC emergence in Brazil to be around 1999 and its introduction in Europe around 2011. CRF146_BC is the 10th CRF of South American origin reported to circulate in Europe, reflecting the relationship between South American and European HIV-1 epidemics.