Nel (Norway)

Bertil is a little boy living with his parents. He is lonely and bored at home, when his parents go to work. One day, all of a sudden, a little thumb size boy appears under his bed! His name is Nils Karlsson Pussling. The 2 boys bond right away and Nils shows Bertil a fascinating magical world right inside his bedroom walls. Neither of them will ever be lonely again.

<p>This document presents the results of the project MeDDII - Metrology for drug delivery regarding the four technical objectives.  </p>

<p>Multi-infusion setups are often used in critical care units such as the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or the Operation Room (OR), where multiple medications are delivered through one single lumen of a thin catheter. The pharmacokinetics of the medications as well as the physical behaviour and effects of the multi-infusion setups are important aspects to understand the delivery of mixtures of several medications. A predictive model for dosing errors including the effect of the length of the catheter, the mechanical compliance of the plastic syringe and the flow inside the lines exhibiting a Poiseuille flow profile has already been reported [1]. This existing model has been extended to include the effect of air bubbles in infusion lines with and without an air filter and the presence of a non-return valve in infusion lines. Several experimental validation measurements have been performed and are described here in this report to validate the extended predictive model for dosing errors of multi-infusion setups.</p>

Proton exchange membrane-based electrochemical devices have been growing in commercial relevance, from fuel cells for automotive and other vehicle applications to hydrogen production and energy storage applications. These membranes are highly versatile, able to operate with both vapor and liquid feed systems, different cation conductors, and with different redox chemistries such as for flow batteries. This talk will focus on electrolyzer advancements in PEM systems and related synergies with flow batteries and CO2 electrolysis, which each share an electrode with water electrolyzers.Renewable hydrogen generation is a key enabler for decarbonization. The need for a sustainable source of hydrogen has been widely recognized: carbon dioxide re-utilization requires hydrogen to make useful chemicals, and ammonia production is one of the largest industrial demands for hydrogen. Over 95% of hydrogen is currently made from fossil fuels, generating CO2 as a byproduct; this reality needs to change in order to reach sustainability. Currently, the only commercial options for hydrogen production from water are alkaline electrolysis and PEM electrolysis, which will need to be leveraged to make impact in the near term before less mature technologies like solid oxide electrolysis become viable at scale. PEM technology has considerable opportunity for cost reduction and performance improvement, based on many years of research and development in the related PEM fuel cells.To accelerate this progress in a still emerging market, enlarging the field by working in similar technology areas is helpful. Flow battery research based on hydrogen cells, such as hydrogen halide and hydrogen iron batteries, can validate low catalyst loadings for the hydrogen evolution electrode, and advance coatings for hydrogen embrittlement resistance. Similarly, carbon dioxide electrolysis involves reduction of carbon dioxide on one electrode, but splitting water to evolve oxygen at the other. As another area of research gaining significant interest, CO2 electrolysis can help enable advanced porous transport layer development and oxygen evolution catalyst advancements, and eventually help drive component volumes. In this talk, opportunities and progress benefitting these technologies will be discussed.

Abstract. Understanding the vertical wind profile is paramount for design and operation of wind turbines. It is needed not only for extrapolation of the wind velocity to hub height but also for structural load calculations, to name the most obvious issues. As wind turbines grow in size and development transitions offshore, issues such as shallow surface layers, low-level jets (LLJs) and internal boundary layers (IBLs) are raising questions concerning the applicability of the commonly used Monin–Obukhov similarity theory to accurately describe the vertical wind development at modern wind turbine hub heights. In this study the 10 min averaged vertical wind profile up to a minimum elevation of 100 m is analyzed through measurements collected from seven sites which represent a span of conditions. Three sites are located offshore in the North Sea and Baltic Sea (FINO1, FINO2 and FINO3) with varying fetch, two onshore by the Norwegian coast (Frøya and Valsneset), one further onshore by the Danish coast (Høvsøre), and one inland at a forested site in Sweden (Ryningsnäs). Through analysis of data series ranging from 8 months to several years depending on the site, the wind profile has been quantitatively categorized according to the number of exhibited local maxima which is not possible within the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. The results reveal that the occurrence of local maxima is higher at sites of low surface roughness and a high prevalence of unstable atmospheric conditions, causing up to 17 % severely inflected abnormal profiles at the most exposed offshore site, which decreases as the location transitions from offshore to coastal to further inland and is lowest at the forested site. The results indicate that issues in predicting the vertical wind profile are most prevalent offshore, where very stable inflections cause severe deviations which may be related to an offshore internal boundary layer. These findings suggest that there is evident need of an improved vertical wind profile description in order to improve the accuracy of power predictions and load calculations, especially at offshore and coastal sites.

We summarized the experimental investigation of quantum interference in charge transport through various molecular architectures at single-molecule scale.

ABSTRACTIsotropic conductive adhesives (ICAs) filled with metal‐coated polymer spheres (MPS) have been proposed to improve the mechanical reliability compared to conventional ICAs filled with silver flakes. The electrical properties of MPS play an important role in the electrical performance of macroscopic MPS‐based ICAs. This article deals with the electrical characterization of individual MPS using a nanoindentation‐based flat punch method, in which the resistance and the deformation of single MPS were monitored simultaneously. Four groups of silver‐coated polymer spheres (AgPS) with identical polymer cores but different silver coating thicknesses were tested. The resistance of AgPS decreases gradually with increasing deformation degree of particles, and increases when the deformation of particles is reduced. In addition, the resistance of individual AgPS is dependent on the physical properties of the silver coating, such as thickness, uniformity, and porosity. The thicker the silver coating is, the lower and more stable the resistance of AgPS is. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43764.

Abstract The use of Multiphase flowmeters in the oil and gas industry has increased significantly in recent years. The technology is now widely utilised subsea for well optimisation and reservoir management with the drive in development toward use for fiscal allocation. Currently, the lack of an established reference network, guidelines and standards – whereby the metering technology can be reliably evaluated and/or verified for their applications – is inhibiting further development. In addition, the intrinsic complexities associated with multiphase and multi-component mixtures result in a wide variation in flow patterns developing, including challenging slugging conditions which must be detected in order to avoid flow assurance issues and catastrophic damage to processing equipment. The impact of challenging flow regimes on metering performance must also be accounted for through further research and development. This paper reviews the current theoretical methods for the determination of flow patterns as a function of field variables such as pressure, temperature, component fluid properties and velocities. Established flow pattern maps presented in the literature and commonly used in industry are evaluated using experimental data from NEL's multiphase flow facility. The development of flow pattern maps and flow visualisation techniques is a key part in the development of a much needed reference network for multiphase flow metrology. This work is part of a wider €3M project with support from the EU, National Measurement Institutes, Universities, Operators, Multiphase Flow Laboratories, Vendors and Regulators.

Controlling the frequency of power systems with high wind power penetration is more difficult due to the high variability of the wind power. One possible mainstream energy carrier in the future, particularly for the transportation sector, is Hydrogen, and water electrolysis is one of the most attractive ways to produce it. In this study, a detailed model of a steam turbine generator has been produced in MATLAB Simulink and used to investigate a scenario in which there is a 25% penetration of wind power. To improve the frequency stability of the power system, large scale alkaline electrolysers used in future Hydrogen filling stations could adjust their load with respect to the frequency deviation from nominal and can significantly reduce fluctuations in system frequency. For the case examined, five times less spinning reserve is required in order to maintain the power system frequency within operational limits when electrolysers are utilised as a form of demand side management (DSM), compared to the base case where no electrolyser DSM plant is available. Actual operational data from a pressurised alkaline electrolyser is used to evidence the fast load changing capability of such electrolysers.