Nigerian Defence Academy

The persistent rise in inflation rates in Nigeria has introduced significant challenges for the construction industry, particularly in the housing sector. This study investigates the impact of inflation on the quality of housing estate construction projects in Abuja, with a focus on material quality, workmanship, project timelines, and overall construction outcomes. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates quantitative analysis of inflation trends and construction costs using correlation and regression analysis, with qualitative insights from industry stakeholders. Findings reveal a direct correlation between inflation rates and compromises in material quality and workmanship, as well as delays in project completion. The study further identifies adaptive strategies employed by construction firms to mitigate inflationary pressures. These findings contribute to understanding the multifaceted impacts of inflation and offer actionable recommendations for maintaining quality and sustainability in housing estate construction.

Cement-based composites reinforced with high atomic number additives are increasingly investigated as environmentally sustainable alternatives to conventional lead-based radiation shielding materials. This study evaluates the microstructural, elemental, and physical characteristics of cement–sand composites reinforced with bismuth clay, with emphasis on parameters governing photon attenuation. Composite samples containing 0 g, 10 g, and 20 g of bismuth clay were fabricated and characterized using density measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Results revealed progressive microstructural densification, reduced porosity, and improved particle packing with increasing bismuth content. EDS confirmed successful incorporation and uniform dispersion of bismuth-rich phases within the cement matrix. Density increased systematically with both bismuth concentration and sample thickness. Given the dependence of photon attenuation on density and atomic number, the observed structural and compositional enhancements indicate strong potential for radiation shielding applications. The study establishes a foundational basis for further quantitative gamma-ray and X-ray attenuation investigations.

The exponential distribution remains a cornerstone of probability theory, particularly valued in reliability engineering, survival analysis, and risk management for its computational efficiency and distinctive memoryless property. While mathematically elegant, this distribution's constrained single-parameter framework presents significant limitations when modeling complex empirical phenomena, especially those displaying non-monotonic failure patterns. Academic literature documents numerous extensions to address these constraints, including the inverse exponential distribution and its exponentiated variants, which achieve greater modeling flexibility by introducing additional shape parameters. Building upon these developments, the current study presents an enhanced probability model through the innovative synthesis of the Inverse Exponential distribution with the Sine Topp-Leone Exponentiated-G (STLEG) family, yielding the novel Sine Topp-Leone Exponentiated Inverse Exponential (STLEIE) Distribution. Our investigation encompasses a rigorous analysis of the model's fundamental statistical properties, including its survival characteristics, hazard function behavior, moment structure, quantile properties, and order statistics. For parameter estimation, we implement and compare two established methodologies: the widely-used Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) approach and the Maximum Product of Spacing (MPS) technique, both renowned for their statistical efficiency. Comprehensive Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the consistent performance of these estimators, with both bias and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) metrics showing progressive improvement as sample sizes increase. Empirical validation through application to two real-world datasets reveals the STLEIE distribution's superior modeling capabilities compared to existing alternatives, as evidenced by multiple goodness-of-fit criteria. The concluding comparative analysis substantiates the practical utility of the proposed model, confirming its enhanced flexibility and improved performance across diverse data scenarios, thereby offering researchers and practitioners a more robust analytical tool for complex statistical modeling applications.

The study designed and tested multifunctional nano-adsorbent systems that sequester heavy metals while enhancing the quality of waste cooking oil (WCO) for biodiesel production in the Warri-Effurun industrial zone of Delta State, Nigeria. The waste oil from ten commercial centres contained high levels of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr, all of which exceeded the WHO/FAO limits, indicating the need to purify them using advanced purification methods. Two designed adsorbents (thiol-functionalized magnetic biochar (Fe3O4 -Biochar-SH) and amine-functionalized graphene oxide (GO -NH2)) were produced and characterized by SEM/TEM, FTIR, XRD, BET analysis, and zeta potential. Spontaneous and endothermic processes were confirmed by batch adsorption experiments showing rapid pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 ≥ 0.989), Langmuir monolayer behaviour, and favourable thermodynamic behaviour (ΔG ≥ 0, ΔH ≥ 0). Biochar-Fe3O4-SH performed best, with Pb removal of 97.5% and over 87% for metals. Purification considerably enhanced the quality of FFA; peroxide value and moisture were reduced to 1.14 meq/kg and 0.12, respectively. Biodiesel derived from purified WCO demonstrated a better FAME composition (96.8%), improved viscosity and density, improved oxidative stability (6.1h), and full compliance with ASTM/EN standards. Regeneration experiments showed 86.7% capacity retention over five cycles. In general, using Fe3O4-Biochar-SH as an adsorbent, this study demonstrates that it is scalable and reusable and can accomplish both WCO detoxification and biofuel feedstock upgrading.

Fraud in the public sector remains a difficult challenge in Nigeria, where the misappropriation of public funds and financial malpractices undermine trust in government institutions and slow socioeconomic progress. Effective fraud risk assessment (FRA) is essential for curbing these malpractices, as it ensures that the mechanisms designed to detect, prevent, and respond to fraud are robust and responsive. Central to FRA is the performance of professional accountants, whose attitudes, and ethical orientations can influence how fraud risks are identified, assessed, and managed.

The advent of Social Media has fundamentally reshaped Nigeria’s diplomatic conduct under President Bola Ahmed Tinubu (2023–present), influencing how foreign policy is formulated, communicated, and contested. This study examines the dual role of platforms such as X/Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram in shaping Tinubu’s diplomatic agenda, focusing on three pivotal contexts: the ECOWAS mediation effort in the Sahel, former President Trump’s controversial tweets alleging a “Christian genocide” in Nigeria, and the domestic security crises stemming from banditry and insurgent violence. The paper identifies key opportunities rapid agenda‑setting and real‑time messaging that bolstered Nigeria’s leadership image in ECOWAS negotiations; amplified diaspora engagement that supported humanitarian and security appeals; and the ability to counter misinformation swiftly. It also outlines challenges viral disinformation from external actors (e.g., Trump’s unfounded genocide claim) that strained diplomatic relations and forced the Nigerian government into defensive posturing; fragmented coordination between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Presidency, and digital units, leading to inconsistent messaging; and security risks when extremist groups exploit platform openness to spread propaganda. using realism theory and content analysis of social media the research explores social media’s role in shaping state behavior. The study concludesthat effective social management is crucial for Nigeria’s diplomacy. It also provides insight into social media diplomacy in developing countries highlighting policymakers need to harness social media for national interest. In sum, while social media offers Tinubu’s government powerful tools for soft power and crisis management, a coherent digital diplomacy framework, rapid verification mechanisms, and inter‑agency coordination are essential to harness its opportunities.

Research Problem: Nigeria continues to experience terrorist financing despite the implementation of repeated counterterrorism financing (CTF) policies. This paradox highlights systemic institutional and regulatory weaknesses that allow financing networks to thrive. Previous studies often catalogue funding channels but rarely explain how these persist within Nigeria's governance and economic context. Methods/Theory:The study employed a secondary data approach, relying on reports from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit (NFIU), and international bodies. Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) theory framed the analysis, showing how offenders adapt to weak guardianship and exploit poorly regulated opportunities. Results:This study revealed that kidnapping-for-ransom remains the dominant terrorist financing channel, sustained by Nigeria's largely cash-based economy despite policy restrictions. Conclusion:Terrorism financing in Nigeria persists not only through criminal innovation but also because of governance failures. Weak oversight of financial transactions and resource sectors enables terrorists to build sustainable revenue streams. Key Contribution to Knowledge: This study moves beyond descriptive accounts of terrorist funding by embedding the issue within SCP. It demonstrates that terrorism financing in Nigeria is shaped more by regulatory lapses and governance gaps than by mere criminal tactics, providing context-specific insights distinct from those in East African and Middle Eastern cases. Recommendation:The government should strictly enforce cash transaction limits, ensure bulk withdrawal reporting in rural banks, and formalize artisanal mining through licensed cooperatives and state-controlled mineral markets.

This study examines the effects of training on deviant behavior among cadets, using a sample of cadets in Nigeria police academy, the research explores the relationship between training and cadet deviancy. Findings reveal weak correlations between training components and deviancy, suggesting that in regimented institutions, individual motivation and perceived training benefits have limited impact on behavior modification. Supported by theories such as Social Learning Theory and planned behavior theory, the present research emphasizes that highly controlled environments may neutralize the influence of intrinsic motivation and perceived benefits, as cadets often rely on external reinforcement rather than self-motivation. Managerial implications recommend that training institutions focus on implementing structured, behavior-specific training with robust supervisory mechanisms to reinforce discipline, rather than solely emphasizing motivation-based methods. Theoretical implications highlight the need to adapt current behavioral theories to account for environmental factors, such as institutional reinforcement, in hierarchical settings. Limitations of the study include its narrow sample size to cadets in one academy and exclusion of potential external influences, which may perhaps provide further comprehensions regarding the complex dynamic forces of training as well as behavior in structured environments.

Concrete compressive and tensile strength are critical for ensuring the safety and durability of structural elements. In this study, locally sourced jute fibre and ground waste glass were incorporated into grade 25 concrete to enhance its performance and sustainability. Mix proportions were designed and optimized using the Central Composite Design (CCD) approach in Design Expert software. The choice of 25 MPa was based on its wide application in structural concrete in Nigeria and globally, ensuring relevance for common construction practices. Ground waste glass was used as a partial cement replacement, while jute fibre was introduced as reinforcement. The study revealed that a maximum compressive strength of 27.85 N/mm2 was obtained with 0% jute and 7.5% glass replacement, whereas the minimum of 11.78 N/mm2 occurred with 0.75% jute and 15% glass. For tensile strength, the maximum value of 3.59 N/mm2 was recorded at 0% jute and 7.5% glass, while 1.5% jute with 15% glass gave the lowest value (2.34 N/mm2). The use of CCD allowed accurate prediction of responses with high R2 values, confirming the reliability of the model. The novelty of this research lies in optimizing the combined effect of natural fibre and recycled glass using statistical modeling to achieve sustainable concrete. This blend has potential applications in low- to medium-strength structural elements such as blocks, slabs, and pavement layers. Furthermore, the study aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 9, 12, and 13 by promoting innovation, sustainable material use, and reduced carbon emissions.

This research examines the impact of financial allocations for biomass energy on Nigeria's electricity output, a vital element for the country's economic growth. Using an ex-post facto research design, the analysis employs a chronological series of data from 1986 to 2022, sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria's Statistical Bulletin, various national agencies, and the World Development Indicators. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method is used to analyse both long-term and short-term relationships between electricity production and several explanatory variables, including biomass energy funding, government spending on the power sector, energy financing from commercial banks, energy-related foreign aid, and electricity consumption. The results reveal that, over the long term, investment in biomass energy, government commitments to the electricity industry, and renewable energy financing from commercial banks all significantly influence Nigeria’s electricity generation. Conversely, foreign aid for renewable energy does not show a statistically significant effect. In the short term, only electricity consumption has a strong and significant causal effect on generation capacity, while the other factors do not exhibit immediate influence. The ARDL Bounds test confirms a stable, cointegrated long-run relationship among all variables, and the error correction term indicates that any deviations from this equilibrium are corrected at an annual rate of 52.2%, demonstrating a considerable level of stability within the model. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of targeted biomass energy funding as a practical solution to Nigeria's electricity generation challenges, underscoring the need for strategic policy reforms to improve investment and development in the country's renewable energy sector.