Pennsylvania Academy of Science

Programmable quantum systems based on Rydberg atom arrays have recently emerged as a promising test bed for combinatorial optimization. Indeed, the maximum weighted independent set problem on unit-disk graphs can be efficiently mapped to such systems due to their geometric constraints. However, extending this capability to arbitrary graph instances typically necessitates the use of reduction gadgets, which introduce additional experimental overhead and complexity. Here, we analyze the complexity\penalty1000-\hskip0pttheoretic limits of polynomial reductions from arbitrary graphs to unit\penalty1000-\hskip0ptdisk instances. We prove any such reduction incurs a quadratic blow up in vertex count and degrades solution approximation guarantees. As a practical alternative, we propose a divide\penalty1000-\hskip0ptand\penalty1000-\hskip0ptconquer heuristic with only linear overhead, which leverages precalibrated atomic layouts. We benchmark it on Erd\"os-R\'enyi graphs, and demonstrate feasibility on the Orion Alpha processor.

The authors explore amorphous arrays of Rydberg atoms using a neural quantum Monte Carlo approach. The authors uncover a quantum spin-glass phase transition driven by the interplay between geometric frustration and lattice disorder.

ABSTRACTThe present study evaluated the phylogenetic relationships among the six valid species of catfish of the genus Hypophthalmus, estimated the divergence times among the different taxa and assessed the processes that influenced the evolution of the group. All the phylogenetic analyses, based on 6803 base pairs, including three mitochondrial and seven nuclear markers, support the monophyly of Hypophthalmus, and the arrangement of the species in two clades, one containing Hypophthalmus oremaculatus + Hypophthalmus donascimientoi, and the other, including Hypophthalmus marginatus + Hypophthalmus edentatus, which is the sister group of Hypophthalmus celiae, with Hypophthalmus fimbriatus appearing as the most divergent of this clade. These findings indicate that the genus originated some 4.4 million years ago (Ma), during the Pliocene, while most species diversified during the Pleistocene. The origin and diversification of Hypophthalmus coincided with the formation of the modern Amazon basin and the climatic fluctuations of the Plio‐Pleistocene, which likely determined modifications in the dynamics of the local rivers and influenced the evolution and diversification of the genus.

We propose a hybrid quantum-classical method to investigate the equilibrium physics and the dynamics of strongly correlated fermionic models with spin-based quantum processors. Our proposal avoids the usual pitfalls of fermion-to-spin mappings thanks to a slave-spin method which allows to approximate the original Hamiltonian into a sum of self-correlated free fermions and spin Hamiltonians. Taking as an example a Rydberg-based analog quantum processor to solve the interacting spin model, we avoid the challenges of variational algorithms or Trotterization methods. We explore the robustness of the method to experimental imperfections by applying it to the half-filled, single-orbital Hubbard model on the square lattice in and out of equilibrium. We show, through realistic numerical simulations of current Rydberg processors, that the method yields quantitatively viable results even in the presence of imperfections: it allows to gain insights into equilibrium Mott physics as well as the dynamics under interaction quenches. This method thus paves the way to the investigation of physical regimes, whether out of equilibrium, doped, or multiorbital, that are difficult to explore with classical processors.

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We introduce quantum algorithms able to sample equilibrium water solvent molecules configurations within proteins thanks to analog quantum computing. To do so, we combine a quantum placement strategy to the 3D Reference Interaction Site Model (3D-RISM), an approach capable of predicting continuous solvent distributions. The intrinsic quantum nature of such coupling guarantees molecules not to be placed too close to each other, a constraint usually imposed by hand in classical approaches. We present first a full quantum adiabatic evolution model that uses a local Rydberg Hamiltonian to cast the general problem into an anti-ferromagnetic Ising model. Its solution, an NP-hard problem in classical computing, is embodied into a Rydberg atom array Quantum Processing Unit (QPU). Following a classical emulator implementation, a QPU portage allows to experimentally validate the algorithm performances on an actual quantum computer. As a perspective of use on next generation devices, we emulate a second hybrid quantum-classical version of the algorithm. Such a variational quantum approach (VQA) uses a classical Bayesian minimization routine to find the optimal laser parameters. Overall, these Quantum-3D-RISM (Q-3D-RISM) algorithms open a new route towards the application of analog quantum computing in molecular modelling and drug design.

Pajak Penghasilan Pasal 21/26 (PPh Pasal 21/26) merupakan salah satu jenis pajak yang dikenakan terhadap penghasilan berupa gaji, honor, upah, tunjangan, dan pembayaran lainnya yang diterima oleh orang pribadi dalam hubungannya dengan pekerjaan, jasa, jabatan, dan kegiatan. PPh Pasal 21/26 memiliki peranan yang signifikan dalam sistem perpajakan, karena melalui penerimaan pajak ini pemerintah dapat memperoleh sumber pendapatan untuk pembiayaan kegiatan publik dan pembangunan negara. Oleh karena itu, pemahaman yang mendalam tentang PPh Pasal 21/26 sangat penting bagi semua pihak yang terlibat dalam aktivitas ekonomi.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan KSSK terhadap pemulihan ekonomi nasional bagi pedagang pasar tradisional di Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Penelitian ini dilakukan di pasar tradisional yang ada di Sumatera Utara yaitu Pasar Sukaramai Medan, Pasar MMTC Medan, Pasar Gambir Deli Serdang, dan Pasar Sakumpal Bonang Padangsidimpuan. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis data kualitatif dengan menggunakan data interaktif. Pandemi Covid-19 berdampak signifikan terhadap perkembangan aktivitas perdagangan di pasar tradisional. Omzet penjualan pedagang tradisional di Sumut secara umum menurun di masa pandemi Covid-19. Pendapatan masyarakat yang terdampak pandemi menyebabkan daya beli masyarakat juga menurun. Hal ini berdampak pada berkembangnya kegiatan jual beli di pasar tradisional. Tidak sedikit pedagang tradisional yang mengurungkan niatnya untuk mengajukan pendanaan ke lembaga keuangan untuk tambahan modal. Kondisi ekonomi yang tidak stabil menjadi alasan utama mengapa banyak trader memilih bertahan dengan modal sendiri. Kebijakan pemerintah melalui Komite Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan (KSSK) dinilai mampu mempercepat pemulihan ekonomi di masa pandemi Covid-19. Berbagai kebijakan yang diterapkan dinilai mampu meningkatkan daya beli masyarakat. Sepengetahuan penulis, belum ada penelitian yang secara eksplisit mengkaji dampak kebijakan KSSK terhadap pemulihan ekonomi bangsa bagi pedagang pasar tradisional Sumatera UtaraKata kunci: KSSK, Pasar tradisional, Pemulihan, Covid-19

Abstract In the first chapter, we discussed the definition of environmental education. In Chap. 2, we discuss environmental education based on the pragmatic view of environmental protection. This view is that the interpretation of the living environment is complicated, but because the process of human reasoning it is finite in nature. Our actions should be rooted in our past history, philosophy, and experience in environmental protection that may allow improvement of our physicalenvironment. The essential part of this process is the ability to recognize the components of our ecosystems that can be managed and when adaptation is the only option or survival.