Perdana University

Abstract Conventional drilling practices in Central Luconia assume vertically and laterally connected carbonate porosity, resulting in a single pressure system and a single gas-water contact (GWC). This assumption was challenged during the P Field exploration campaign, where Well P2 encountered an unexpected shallow water contact inconsistent with regional aquifer trends. Real-time pressure analysis, combined with comparison to adjacent fields, revealed that the early contact represented a perched GWC caused by low-permeability, cemented talus facies at the pinnacle flank. Continued drilling confirmed a deeper, true GWC aligned with regional aquifer pressures and hydrocarbon column expectations. This study presents a rare dual-GWC system in Central Luconia and demonstrates the critical role of pressure integration in preventing premature TD calls, ensuring accurate volumetric estimation, and enabling a robust development concept.

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) have emerged as a transformative solution for next-generation wireless networks, offering a low-power and cost-efficient means of controlling electromagnetic wave propagation. Through the integration of tunable elements within engineered metasurfaces, RIS can dynamically adjust the phase, amplitude, or polarization of incoming signals, enabling flexible and programmable wireless environments suitable for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{5 G}, \mathbf{6 G}$</tex>, and beyond. In this work, an active 1-bit RIS unit cell is designed and analyzed using full-wave simulation, featuring a PIN diode as the rapid switching element. The active configuration supports binary phase modulation, providing two discrete reflection states determined by the diode bias condition. The unit cell is further optimized to yield an approximately 180° phase shift between the ON and OFF states, with a tolerance of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\pm 20^{\circ}$</tex> at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{4. 6 ~ G H z}$</tex>, ensuring reliable and consistent operation at the intended frequency. Simulation results verify that the use of the PIN diode enables fast and efficient reconfigurability without compromising compactness or practical implementability. These outcomes advance ongoing RIS research and establish a solid platform for future hardware fabrication, prototyping, and experimental validation.

The widespread integration of digital technologies has heightened employees' exposure to incessant connectivity and information overload, increasing the risk of digital fatigue and compromising sustainable work performance. Utilizing Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) theory, this study investigates the impact of digital fatigue on workplace thriving via the sequential mediating roles of cognitive depletion and digital recovery self-efficacy. We gathered time-lagged survey data from 245 employees who worked in four- and five-star hotels in major cities in Pakistan. We then used PLS-SEM to look at the data. The findings reveal that digital fatigue negatively affects workplace thriving and positively anticipates cognitive depletion. Cognitive depletion consequently reduces employees’ digital recovery self-efficacy, while digital recovery self-efficacy positively correlates with workplace thriving. Crucially, the results validate an important sequential mediation pathway that reduces recovery-related beliefs and cognitive depletion, which are two ways that digital fatigue undermines thriving. In addition to highlighting digital recovery self-efficacy as a crucial psychological resource for maintaining employee vitality and learning, this study applies JD-R theory to digitally intensive work contexts.

Occupational balance, the perspective of engaging in the right mix of meaningful daily activities, is crucial for health and well-being. University students with physical disabilities (SWPD) often face barriers that limit functional performance, participation, and independence. This qualitative study explored these barriers among ten SWPDs from five Malaysian public universities using semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. Five themes emerged: Occupational Performance Challenges, Functional Mobility Limitations, Functional Status Constraints, Limited Occupational Participation, and Occupational Deprivation and Withdrawal. In summary, findings highlight that occupational barriers among university SWPD extend beyond environmental constraints to include performance challenges, functional limitations, and participation restrictions.

The research highlighted the utmost importance of employability and sustainability skills in today's fiercely competitive job market. The study examined the employability and sustainability skills of fresh graduates in a private institution and evaluated the challenges they encounter in securing suitable employment. Five fresh graduates participated in the study, and a qualitative method was employed to analyse the data. The findings revealed that the experiences of participants P1-P5 underscore the critical significance of these aspects in the job market. For recent graduates, taking proactive measures to enhance employability, such as embracing continuous learning and adaptability, becomes indispensable for securing meaningful and sustainable career paths. Introducing employability and sustainability components into the educational curriculum can better equip graduates for the ever-changing demands of the workforce, contributing to a more inclusive and environmentally responsible job market. The present provided valuable insights into the dynamics of the graduate job market, facilitating the development of strategies to empower students with the necessary skills and competencies for successful and sustainable careers. Furthermore, the study highlights the significance of integrating employability and sustainability components into the educational curriculum. By doing so, educational institutions can better prepare graduates for the dynamic demands of the workforce while also fostering a more inclusive and environmentally responsible job market.

This study investigates the solubility correlation of oil extracted from Sabah green Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) beans through supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction. Sabah, recognized as the largest coffee-producing region in Malaysia, serves as a significant source of Robusta beans for this research. The solubility of coffee bean oil was evaluated under varying pressures (10–30 MPa) and temperatures (40–80 °C). The maximum solubility, 2.681 mg/g CO2, was recorded at 30 MPa and 40 °C, whereas the lowest solubility, approximately 0.440 mg/g CO2, occurred at 20 MPa and 80 °C. A clear inverse relationship between solubility and temperature was observed, with solubility decreasing as temperature increased to 80 °C. Conversely, elevated pressure, particularly at 30 MPa, enhanced solubility due to the increased density and solvent power of SC-CO2. Experimental data exhibited strong agreement with Chrastil’s equation, yielding a relatively low percentage error of 3.37%, compared with 14.57% for the del Valle-Aguilera model. These findings demonstrate the reliability of Chrastil’s model in predicting the solubility of Sabah green coffee bean oil in SC-CO2. Overall, the research highlights the potential of SC-CO2 extraction as a sustainable, solvent-free approach for obtaining high-quality coffee oil extracts, with promising applications in the food industry and possible extension to the recovery of other bioactive compounds in food processing.

Domestic ruminants are common hosts of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. Although both protozoan parasites are known to circulate among lambs in Norway, their epidemiology is largely unknown. This longitudinal study investigated the occurrence of both parasites in different age groups of lambs, with molecular characterisation of some isolates. Faecal samples (n = 394) were collected from lambs from 17 different flocks on three occasions. At first sampling, lambs were approximately 2-3 days old, and 160 samples were collected. On the two subsequent occasions, no additional lambs were included and samples collected were from among the lambs sampled on the first occasion. At second sampling, lambs were 14-21 days old, and 134 samples were collected. At the final sampling, lambs were 40-42 days old, and 100 samples were collected. Samples were analysed using immunofluorescent antibody staining (IFAT), with molecular characterisation of selected positive samples by PCR and sequencing. In total, 66 samples (17%) were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts and 61 (16%) positive for Giardia cysts by IFAT. Cryptosporidium was detected most often at the second sampling, occurring significantly more often than in younger lambs (P < 0.0001). Longitudinal investigation indicated that around 20% of lambs shedding Cryptosporidium oocysts at one sampling occasion were still infected, or had been reinfected, at the next sampling occasion. A significant increase in Giardia infection occurred with age, with a higher occurrence at the second sampling occasion than the first (P < 0.0001), and a greater occurrence at the third sampling occasion than both the first (P < 0.0001) and second (P = 0.052). For Giardia, persistent infection, or reinfection between sampling occasions, was between 25 and 40%. Associations were detected between infection status and location (Vestland or Rogaland), infection status and diarrhoea, and intensity of infection and diarrhoea. Molecular methods identified two species of Cryptosporidium (C. parvum (subtypes IIaA13G1R2 (4 samples) and IIdA20G1 (1 sample)) and C. ubiquitum, subtype XIIa (3 samples). Giardia isolates were identified as G. bovis (G. duodenalis, Assemblage E). Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections occurred commonly in lambs in the three different age groups, with more positives detected at the second and third sampling (when the lambs were older) than at the first. As some lambs were positive for one or other of the parasites on two sampling occasions, prolonged infection or reinfection may occur. Molecular characterisation indicated that although the Cryptosporidium in these lambs can be of public health importance, the Giardia species identified are not considered zoonotic.