Pertamina (Indonesia)

Abstract Sand-related degradation remains the primary constraint on Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) reliability in the BS field of the R Block, with Dismantle Inspection and Failure Analysis (DIFA) repeatedly documenting impeller/diffuser erosion, thrust-washer wear, and solids packing in stage clearances. These observations indicated that the dominant mechanism was not only abrasive cutting, but also adhesive fines bridging and torque instability, which conventional hardware-based solutions alone could not fully mitigate. In response, a field-engineered ESP–chemistry integration program was deployed in nine wells, combining multi-expertise in ESP design, materials, production operations, and oilfield chemistry. A non-ionic sand dispersant formulation selected through compatibility review, operating-envelope screening, and dose-effect evaluation was delivered via continuous capillary injection at the ESP intake. Performance was evaluated under normal operating conditions using run life, overload activity, motor-current behavior, and surface solids/BSW signatures, with overloads, deferred days, and lost-production opportunity (LPO) normalized to an annual basis to enable consistent comparison across wells. The operating strategy applied an initial conditioning phase at ∼200–300 ppm followed by controlled step-down toward ∼100–200 ppm as current stabilized and separation remained intact. The program demonstrated a material improvement in ESP reliability and operating behavior. Run life increased in seven of ten wells, shifting the median from 134 to 239 days (+78%) and increasing the mean by 131 days. Annualized overloads declined from 82 to 45 events (−45%), LPO decreased from ∼7,079 to ∼2,836 bbl/yr (−60%), and annualized deferred days dropped from ∼1,146 to ∼73 days/yr (−93%). Responding wells exhibited a consistent sequence: an initial surface fines purge, convergence of amperage from saw-tooth to tight-band profiles and sustained lower trip frequency at the stabilized dose. The economic implication is favorable at field scale. Across the responding wells, four deferred workovers collectively avoided approximately ∼$0.10 MM in rig exposure, while 760 – 1050 incremental well-days of uptime correspond to ∼30 – 42 kbbl of potential recovery at 40 BOPD. These outcomes are tied to the engineered pairing of ESP operating envelope, materials compatibility, and field-tuned dispersant delivery, and should not be generalized to unsupported chemical substitution. Overall, the work shows that when fines-driven adhesive behavior governs failure, capillary-delivered, interface-wetting dispersion can stabilize stage clearances, damp torque excursions, and extend ESP run life as a complement not a replacement to mechanical design and sand-handling practices.

Mechanical characterization of shales is a fundamental requirement in optimizing shale resource development and transferring development strategies between shale plays. In the Indonesian context, where presently limited subsurface data exist, such mechanical insights are essential for evaluating the viability of organic-rich shales as potential hydrocarbon resource. Here we report laboratory-based mechanical properties of several Indonesian organic-rich shales with hydrocarbon potential located within Tertiary basins in an active margin settings. Samples from surface-outcrops of lacustrine sediments in the Central Sumatra Basin (CSB) and subsurface-cores of marine deposits in the North Sumatra Basin (NSB) were examined in a series of experiments for their mechanical properties, including rock strength, elastic properties, and creep compliance. Results show that the Indonesian shales studied here are generally more compliant than Mesozoic/Paleozoic U.S. shales reported in the literature. Within the context of a binary mixture model of stiff and soft components used to explain shale elastic properties, these differences in mechanical properties imply that the soft and stiff end-members are more compliant in Indonesian shales than in U.S. shales. We interpret these differences as the difference in mechanical maturity, which reflects the degree to which mechanical properties have evolved over time due stress-driven diagenesis. CSB and NSB samples are early mature, mechanically, compared to the mechanically mature U.S. shales because of their younger age and limited time for stress-driven compaction to take place. Particularly, the Baong Formation samples from the NSB studied here come from a hard-overpressured interval and are mechanically immature, despite their moderate thermal maturity, because of their exposure to lower effective stress. Laboratory results also show no significant differences in mechanical properties between shales deposited in lacustrine (CSB samples) and marine (NSB samples) environments. Our interpretation provides a reason for why brittleness could vary between shale rocks even when mineral composition and thermal maturity are similar, and emphasizes the importance of geological age in determining the mechanical properties of organic-rich shales.

CLN3 disease, also called Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (JNCL), or Batten disease, is an ultra‑rare, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder generally affecting individuals during the first decade of life. There can be a delay in diagnosis or misdiagnosis due to a lack of awareness, and when the most common presenting symptom of visual loss is attributed to more common conditions affecting vision. We used a previously published Expert Mapping Tool (EMT) to identify multidisciplinary professionals with diagnostic or clinical management expertise, as well as patient advocates with experience of CLN3 disease. A systematic literature review of published evidence using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses (PRISMA) guidance was conducted independently and simultaneously to develop key clinical care statements. Each statement was based on the strength of the evidence. The statements formed the basis of an international modified-Delphi consensus process using a virtual meeting platform (Within3). Experts were asked to agree or disagree with each statement and suggest any changes. Statements that reached a consensus of 75% or over are the guiding statements within this manuscript. The processes and manuscript have been independently assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) criteria. Thirty‑nine international experts from eight specialities were identified, including a patient advocate. Fifty‑three recommendation statements were developed covering eleven domains: General statements, Diagnostics, Clinical Recommendations and Management, Assessments, Social Considerations, Ocular Management, Epilepsy/Seizures, Nutrition, Respiratory Health, Sleep and Rest, and End-of-Life Care. Consensus was reached after one round of voting for all except three statements. The overall AGREE II score for developing these recommendations was 6.4, where 1 represents the lowest and 7 is the highest quality. Currently, there are no comprehensive clinical recommendations for CLN3 disease. These recommendations provide a comprehensive, evidence- and consensus‑based tool that can be used by all healthcare professionals involved in the management of CLN3 disease and other similar neurodegenerative conditions. The goal is to address the unmet clinical need for CLN3 disease management and complement other information available.

Abstract In a large and linked power system, grid reliability must be maintained for the reason that it directly impacts consumers. It is still necessary to evaluate vulnerabilities that exist within the transmission network considering blackouts of the past in various countries in addition to issues of the Java-Bali system particularly within Central Java. This study makes use of the FMECA method for assessment of the levels of risk for system components. This method uses RAMS criteria also. The analysis uses historical disturbances and load data. For identifying the most vulnerable parts of the network, a risk matrix is employed. Also, Risk Priority Number (RPN) is used within this identification. DigSilent PowerFactory simulates power flow and contingency subsequently, then tests these critical lines to evaluate voltage stability and overall system performance. The findings guide system enhancements so as to reduce disturbances’ propagation also to protect against blackouts. This approach helps create a more stable strong electricity supply by finding weaknesses in the network as the gridgains in complexity.

This special edition presents a comprehensive overview of current research and technological advances in mechanical systems design, machine and equipment fault diagnostics, power engineering, and intelligent automation and robotics.

Gelatin biopolymer is well known as a food additive such as food thickener. Main sources of gelatin biopolymer are from cattle such as pig and cow. Fish bone, which is currently seen as food waste, is an alternative source of gelatin biopolymer. In Indonesia, short mackerel ( Rastrelliger brachysoma ) is one of the popular sea fish for consumption. Mackerel bone as food waste, had potential to utilize for gelatin biopolymer source. Besides for food industry, gelatin biopolymer that can be applied as a material for pharmaceutical (for drug delivery system) and biomaterial (scaffolds for bone and tissue regeneration). In this study, gelatin biopolymer is extracted from mackerel bones using a citric acid solution in the demineralization process. Citric acid is used since it is food grade. The extraction process is divided into four stages from raw material preparation, demineralization, hydrolysis, and drying. The concentration of citric acid for demineralization and demineralization (immersion) time are being optimized to obtain the optimum results for yield, water content and heavy metal (Pb) concentration. The gelatin biopolymer in this result has the pH value of 4, which is fulfilled the national standard in Indonesia (SNI). The citric acid concentration of 11% with 48-hour immersion time shows an optimum result. In this condition, it shows the highest extraction yield of 2.1 weight %, with the water content of 11.33 weight% and heavy metal (Pb) concentration of 1.93 weight%.

Bio-cementation binding processes in soil particle pores are using ureolytic bacteria as the main ingredient to substitute cement. Environmental parameters around bacteria affect their activity, including soil water content. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of water content on the cementation process in silica sand on a laboratory scale. The sand was placed in an acrylic box with dimensions of 15x10x11 cm 3 and perforated drainage on the left and right sides. It was prepared in three conditions: dry, partially submerged, and fully submerged. Each sandbox receives periodic injections containing Sporosarcina pasteurii and cementation reagents for 15 days. After injection, the distribution of cementation products was visually examined, and the bonds between sand particles were stronger under lower initial water content. The total amount of CaCO 3 proportion was measured, and most formed in dry conditions.