Petre Andrei University of Iași

Cyber Security is a field of Computer Science that studies computer systems’ and networks’ vulnerabilities to attacks with the aim of obtaining information, damaging information or destroying the functionality of systems or networks. Cyber Security also studies the ways to prevent these attacks by identifying various methods to secure computer systems and networks. In this article we present the main cyberattacks, such as ARP cache poisoning, SYN flooding, DNS cache poisoning, Sniffing/Spoofing, Denial of Service, Man in the Middle, as well as the ways to secure a computer network against these attacks.

How did the earliest institutional and legal forms of minority protection originate throughout history? What are the foundational elements and evolutionary processes underlying the major protection systems that exist today and continue to develop globally? These are only some of the complex and interrelated questions thoroughly examined in this comprehensive analysis.

The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into organizational work environments has significantly transformed how teams are structured, coordinated, and managed. AI systems are no longer limited to passive tool functions but increasingly act as decision-support agents, analytical partners, and operational executors. These developments challenge classical models of team effectiveness that are grounded in human behavioral assumptions. One of the most influential such frameworks is the Belbin Team Role Model, which conceptualizes team performance as a function of balanced behavioral roles among human members. This paper explores whether artificial intelligence can fulfill Belbin team roles or whether its contribution should be conceptualized differently. Drawing on literature from organizational behavior, team role theory, and human-AI collaboration, the paper argues that while AI can effectively augment certain task-oriented roles – such as Monitor Evaluator, Specialist, and Implementer – it cannot fully assume roles that depend on social cognition, emotional intelligence, creativity, and leadership. Roles such as Plant, Teamworker, Coordinator, and Shaper remain inherently human due to their reliance on interpersonal influence, ethical judgment, and contextual understanding. The paper proposes viewing AI as a functional team actor that complements, rather than replaces, human behavioral roles. By reinterpreting the Belbin model within AI-augmented contexts, this study contributes to ongoing debates on hybrid teamwork and provides conceptual guidance for the design and management of human-AI teams. Directions for future empirical research are also discussed.

An access control system is a collection of rules used to restrict the visibility, access, and usage of the data resources in an institutional environment. When implemented, these rules provide a policy for achieving the security of the institution, establishing a hierarchy of the employees depending on their rights over the institution’s data resouces. An access control system is based on two fundamental concepts: authentication (that verifyies the user's identity) and authorization (that provides a hierarchy of the employees according to their access rights over the institutional resources). Among the most commonly used access control models we recall Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), in which users with the same role have equal access rights to data resources, Discretionary Access Control (DAC), in which the system owner decides which user has access to system resources, and Mandatory Access Control (MAC), in which a series of rules, with a high level of security established by a predefined authority, are used. In this article, we will study the last two models, namely DAC and MAC, along with their main implementations: Access Control Matrix and the Take-Grant models for DAC, BIBA and Bell-LaPadula for MAC.

Climate change represents the most important challenge of today's world and will require creativity, innovation, and resources to find viable solutions. Banks aim to be leaders in environmental financing alongside European Union governments and other entities. The main banks in Romania (BRD, BCR, Banca Transilvania, Unicredit) have adapted products and services designed to finance the climate changes we are currently facing, offering a wide range of green, sustainable, and sustainability-related facilities, with the main funded sectors being: ▪ Agribusiness and food products; ▪ Energy, Defense, Aerospace; ▪ Oil and gas, Telecommunications, IT and technology, Metals, Utilities; ▪ Pharmaceuticals, Retail, Real Estate, Steel; ▪ Transport, Logistics, Automotive Distribution, Equipment, Other industries (textiles, etc.); ▪ Construction, Infrastructure; ▪ Municipalities, Local Authorities; ▪ Insurance, Financial Institutions, Ministry. In this regard, Climate and Environmental Change Committees have been established, which are consultative, permanent, and whose main mission is to support each bank in carrying out strategic analysis, to present to the Management Committee the measures for implementing the financing strategy by making proposals for setting objectives regarding the adoption of the relevant regulatory framework, monitoring commitments, communication, and any other issues related to environmental and climate matters, adapting to stakeholder requirements, complying with legislative requirements, and ensuring performance monitoring. Specifically, the following are monitored: a) Indirect emissions resulting from the supply chain and the financing portfolio; b) Waste generated (paper, IT products); c) Energy consumption; d) Indirect emissions resulting from energy consumption for electricity, heating, and cooling; e) Water consumption; f) Emissions resulting from the banks' own activities. Sustainable financing is also taken into account, along with the contribution to environmental protection through the sustainable financing provided and the positive impact on people's well-being and living standards.

Defined by current legislation as the general secretary of the administrative-territorial unit, the civil servant who manages all administrative acts issued by local authorities has a professional history that can include multiple and apparently unrelated figures, from ancient scribes, to medieval copyists and chroniclers, to secretaries of royal courts and noble houses, up to the modern bureaucrat who flanks the daily decisions of local notables with his legal expertise and censorship. The common thread of this fictional genealogy is the intellectual competence of the secretary to put discursive order in the acts of will of governors.

Special needs require special educational measures, implemented and structured within the teaching and learning process. Special educational needs stem from disabilities, impairments, illnesses, or socio-cultural deprivations. Due to the wide range of disorders and impairments present in children with special educational needs (SEN), which are sometimes associated, these children require specific teaching, learning, and assessment programs tailored to their abilities. Each child with SEN has individual characteristics and a unique way of relating to the environment, traits that require a personalized assessment and approach. Therefore, learning through play is the most suitable method to be used in their education. Play is an essential component in the development of children with special educational needs, having a significant impact on social integration, as well as cognitive and emotional development. Through play, the learning methods used can reinforce positive attitudes toward education, improve performance, school results, and self-esteem, and promote positive interaction and mutual support among students. This paper emphasizes that play can be used as an effective method of social inclusion, serving as a tool through which children from different backgrounds or with various special needs can learn to interact, cooperate, and express their emotions. Additionally, this article explores current perspectives on inclusive education through the lens of the role of play in the educational and instructional process, underlining its importance as a key pedagogical method in an educational system that aims to address the diverse needs of all students. Thus, we will analyze the theoretical foundations, practical benefits, and ways of implementing playful activities in inclusive education programs, with a focus on recent research findings in the field.

This paper explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital transformation on education, examining how these technologies reshape teaching, learning, and assessment processes. In the digital era, teachers are no longer mere sources of information but become facilitators and mentors, using adaptive learning platforms, educational chatbots, and digital tools that personalize learning paths and provide real-time feedback. AI offers significant benefits, including rapid access to up-to-date information, individualized learning, automation of repetitive tasks, and increased inclusion for students with special needs. At the same time, it poses challenges such as reduced critical thinking, overreliance on technology, and the potential generation of unverified academic content. The paper includes a comparative analysis of policies in Romanian universities: Politehnica University of Timișoara encourages responsible AI use, integrating it ethically into the educational process, while Transilvania University of Brașov adopts a restrictive policy, prohibiting AI in evaluated assignments. These approaches highlight the need for a unified legal and ethical framework for AI integration in education. Strategic recommendations are proposed, including the development of digital skills and critical thinking, promotion of information verification, mandatory digital literacy programs, and continuous teacher training. When used responsibly and pedagogically, AI can serve as a powerful tool to enhance human potential and support a modern, adaptive, and sustainable educational system.

Regardless of the type of patrimonial entity, the budget continues to be the fundamental tool for planning the actions that it wishes to carry out throughout the current management period. In the case of public entities, the budget is mandatory, starting from the fact that the actions of the authorizing officer must always be included in the structure of the approved budget, its provisions representing the legal framework that must be strictly respected when making decisions. In a broad sense, the public budget is represented by the set of documents from the public sector, which together form the unitary budget system. Budget preparation involves resorting to different design and development techniques, techniques that have evolved over time to adapt to economic reality and the role of the public sector in the economy. After the promulgation of budget laws, the public budget becomes operational, so it moves on to its execution, a stage that extends throughout the budget exercise. At the end of each year, once the annual budget laws cease to be applicable, public institutions proceed to carry out the works of closing the budget year and preparing and presenting periodic financial statements. These specialized activities are carried out at the level of the financial and accounting departments organized at the level of public entities. Under the accounting and budgetary record-keeping system applied in Romania, the effects of closing the budget year will have repercussions on the content of the budget execution account, in the sense that it will include only the operations of revenue collections and, respectively, payments on account of expenses actually incurred in that year, regardless of the budgetary year to which it refers.

Although regulated in other states and existing in previous Romanian case-law on the matter, the institution of parental alienation was regulated in Romania for the first time through Law no.123/2024 amending and supplementing Law no.272/2004 on the protection and promotion of the rights of the child. In analyzing this new regulation, wepresent a theoretical approach to the provisions of the law, which starts with clarifying both the legal and the psychological concept of parental alienation and continues with the effects of regulating this new institution on the exercise of parental authority, with the competent authorities and the legal measures that must be taken in the event of its existence, as well as with the shortcomings that may arise in judicial practice. While undoubtedly appreciating the regulation itself, we cannot help but notice the fact that for Romania it represents just a beginning of the journey, with challenges, risks, and also some gaps that need to be filled in the future.