Petrel Robertson Consulting (Canada)

This article homes in on the genesis and the development process of tourism in the Cabo Verdes Islands, West Africa, from its definition as a national priority in the post -independence period, to its qualification as a strategic sector in the 1990s, to the prioritizing of the sector as a core economic pillar for the 21s Century. From the analysis of the brand launched by the government in 2010/2011 (One Country, Ten Destinations), the article goes on to dissect several examples of built heritage privatization process, gentrification, and space wars in various islands. While the analysis focuses on Cabo Verde specifically, the country's geographical dynamics and the phenomenology typical of an insular micro -market, allows for a theoretical framework that is applicable to other geographies and contexts.

Colloid solutions are used during fluid resuscitation because of their rapid and efficient intravascular volume expansion and relatively long-lasting effects. They are classified as natural colloids, derived from blood products containing albumin, or synthetic colloids, which contain high molecular weight manufactured particles suspended in crystalloid solutions. The most commonly used synthetic colloids are hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions, which have several documented side-effects in people but relatively few documented adverse effects in small animals. HES solutions are generally recommended for veterinary patients with hypovolemia and/or hypoproteinemia that are unresponsive to conventional fluid resuscitation with crystalloid solutions.

This paper engages with the idea that interior design is a performative practice. The central question of interest is dramaturgical rather than instrumental: How do building interiors “act” and how do these performances construct a particular definition of the situation? We critically bring into play related academic discussions of “political interiors” and “the good organization” by exploring the built environment of the court of law. The good organization is an ideal–type used to help identify and understand the deficiencies of actual organizations. We show that ontological politics is at work when performative design enables problematic realities. This study relied on a microethnographic research method using participant observation as the data collection strategy. It focused on a Canadian interior design project that implemented a workplace violence assessment in the criminal courtrooms of the Nova Scotia justice system. We use theatrical performance as a research lens, drawing on dramaturgy, as a fruitful way to engage with the concept of political interiors. This expands beyond mainstream epistemological assumptions about the grounds for knowing. We find that criminal courtrooms, as the physical expression of the good organization, are rooted in questionable design assumptions that are seldom examined. The nominalist stance in this paper promotes a more complete understanding of the realities of interior space that are socially constructed through physical settings that create, preserve, and promote hierarchy, personal stigma, and theatricality.

Ecological and social resilience have emerged globally as important considerations in impact assessment. Addressing resilience requires an understanding of the interconnectedness of environmental, social, and economic issues affecting the sustainability of ecosystems and human communities. However, indicators and tools for measuring resilience remain in early stages of understanding and development. Regulatory agencies and sponsors of large resource development and environmental rehabilitation projects have difficulties interpreting and verifying the potential for environmental recovery and resilience in the regulatory context of impact assessment. Resilience poses several challenges to traditional approaches to environmental assessment. For example, scientists ordinarily use marginal analysis in impact assessment, which lends itself to linear extrapolation to fill both knowledge and data gaps. At the ecosystem level, we know this is a poor approximation method. In particular, resilience has called attention to tipping points (or thresholds), at which ecosystem response becomes (abruptly) nonlinear. The challenge in impact assessment is understanding how complex ecological systems respond to stressors near these tipping points when the underlying protective factors or adaptive capacity of the system are undermined. It is generally understood there is no single cause for a particular response, although current legal frameworks emphasize simplistic understandings of cause–effect and liability. Resilience concepts are better suited for analytic perspectives that recognize the nonlinearity, feedback loops, and stochasticity that characterize ecosystems. Thus, resilience raises a new challenge for environmental managers and decision makers working in environmental contexts, namely: "What are the impacts of a management action on the sensing, anticipating, adapting, and learning processes of the system?" (Park et al. 2013). "Embedding resiliency concepts and assessment tools into the impact assessment process has the potential to significantly influence project decision making." If challenges can be overcome, embedding resiliency concepts and assessment tools into the impact assessment process has the potential to significantly influence project decision making, particularly for so-called megascale infrastructure and resource development projects in which the scale of the short- and long-term environmental changes can be substantial. The central question concerns the ability of affected ecosystems to recover most if not all structural and functional characteristics that were evident before change occurred. Additionally, can modified systems be set on a trajectory of new conditions that reflect and satisfy the values and desires of communities affected by changes to the ecosystem? Central to such an evaluation is the understanding of what aspects or functions of societies and ecosystems are the most vulnerable, valued, or essential to change and recovery. Ecosystems are not infinitely resilient. Resilience thinking must incorporate respect for and humility regarding uncertainty, particularly affording careful consideration of tipping points beyond which changes lead to different structural and functional capacities that cannot adequately deliver the desired ecosystem services. Some governmental and industry organizations are calling for resilience-based strategies to help communities cope with unexpected and sudden environmental changes such as those associated with natural or human-caused disaster. The International Risk Governance Council (IRGC) describes the urgent need for resilience strategies to address the potential for catastrophic consequences in a resource guide on resilience (Florin and Linkov 2016). According to IGRC, the occurrence of disasters and crises, following both extreme natural events and anthropogenic accidents, demonstrates the limitations of traditional risk assessment and management. Resilience management has been discussed as both a supplement and an alternative to conventional risk management. Resilience strategies could target planning and preparedness efforts aimed at identifying risks and vulnerabilities, and could support development planning efforts to preempt avoidable consequences or mitigate worst-case upset scenarios. Forensic analysis of ecological and social responses to natural and anthropogenic disasters can provide insights on tolerances and adaptability to environmental changes. Similarly, posthoc monitoring of predictions in risk assessments can provide information useful to forecasting future environmental conditions and opportunities to improve predictions of environmental recovery. Several significant technical challenges must be overcome (Seager et al. 2017). One of the most obvious ones is resolving a universally acceptable definition, or set of definitions, of "resilience" in the context of environmental impact assessment. Should assessors adopt a definition inspired by the engineering discipline wherein resilience is the measure of an object's ability to recover its original form when placed under pressure? Or, should assessors adopt a broader definition reflecting at a larger scale the ability of an ecosystem to absorb and recover from the impact of disruptive events without fundamental changes in function or structure? Interestingly, the word "resilience" was voted the "development buzzword" of 2012 (Winderl 2014), despite leaving many confused about what the word actually means (Mayunga 2007; Davoudi 2012; Mitchell 2013). At a minimum, given the range of definitions that can and have been applied, all applications of resilience concepts should be couched in terms of explicitly laid-out definitions and assumptions (e.g., Woods 2015). Another equally daunting challenge associated with creating an objective framework that incorporates resilience into impact assessment involves the definition of relevant sets of quantitative or qualitative indicators and the associated tools to describe tolerance and adaptation, predict the likelihood for collapse, and anticipate thresholds for new conditions. This challenge has become a key priority for decision makers worldwide. It has prompted the development of several frameworks and toolkits such as the resilience assessment toolkit developed by the United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, Bioversity International, the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, and the United Nations Development Programme (UNU-IAS, BI, IGES, UNDP 2014). Similarily, the Overseas Development Institute has identified a set of 17 resilience indicators for ecosystems (Schipper and Langston 2015). In Principles for Building Resilience: Sustaining Ecosystem Services in Social-Ecological Systems, Biggs et al. (2015) identify 7 principles, 3 recognizably from the ecological side and 4 from the social side, that are most critical for resilience: maintain diversity and redundancy, manage connectivity, manage slow variables and feedbacks, foster an understanding of social–ecological systems as complex adaptive systems, encourage learning and experimentation, broaden participation, and promote polycentric governance systems. No doubt there are other important challenges. Practitioners need to consider the integration of resilience concepts with ancillary impact assessment methods such as ecosystem service assessment, sustainability analysis, and habitat-based assessment. Scientists and regulatory authorities also need to recognize and distinguish differences in community values, social equity, and vulnerability in the context of resilience in different landscapes, and to consider the varying degrees of habitation, alteration, and management. After all, resilience can have different meanings and constructs in different environmental and social contexts. The science community involved with the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) journal Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management (IEAM) supports research to resolve these challenges and encourages bridge building to link the science of resilience and the practice of environmental impact assessment. Richard J Wenning SETAC Editor-in-Chief, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Sabine E Apitz SEA Environmental Decisions, Little Hadham, United Kingdom Senior Editor, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Larry Kapustka LK Consultancy, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Thomas Seager Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA

Summary White Sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (WS), are distributed throughout three major river basins on the West Coast of North America: the Sacramento-San Joaquin, Columbia, and Fraser River drainages. Considered the largest North American freshwater fish, some WS use estuarine habitat and make limited marine movements between river basins. Some populations are listed by the United States or Canada as threatened or endangered (upper Columbia River above Grand Coulee Dam; Kootenai River; lower, middle and, upper Fraser River and Nechako River), while others do not warrant federal listing at this time (Sacramento-San Joaquin Rivers; Columbia River below Grand Coulee Dam; Snake River). Threats that impact WS throughout the species’ range include fishing effects and habitat alteration and degradation. Several populations suffer from recruitment limitations or collapse due to high early life mortality associated with these threats. Efforts to preserve WS populations include annual monitoring, harvest restrictions, habitat restoration, and conservation aquaculture. This paper provides a review of current knowledge on WS life history, ecology, physiology, behavior, and genetics and presents the status of WS in each drainage. Ongoing management and conservation efforts and additional research needs are identified to address present and future risks to the species.

The general approach to monitoring recipients during transfusions starts with obtaining baseline vital signs prior to starting the transfusion. The temperature, heart rate (HR), pulse rate and quality, respiratory rate (RR) and character, mucous membrane color, capillary refill time (CRT), mentation, blood pressure, and any pre-existing edema, vomiting, or diarrhea should be recorded. Transfusion-associated complications manifest in a variety of ways and are often identified by a combination of clinical signs. The most common signs were fever and vomiting, which occurred more often in dogs with immune-mediated diseases. When clinical signs of reactions or complications are seen during transfusions, evaluation of the serum or plasma and urine for the presence of hemoglobin is one of the key factors to determine the type of transfusion reaction or complication. When hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria are seen during or after a transfusion, acute hemolytic transfusion reactions (AHTR) and non-immunologic hemolysis are possible complications.

The Eocene Roda Formation in Northern Spain is composed of two 3rd-order, regressive-transgressive cycles that are in turn composed of at least 18 stacked progradational deltaic parasequences. Within this paper, trangressive tidal ridges that overlie and locally incise into six of these parasequences are described and documented, three in the lower, Roda member, and three in the upper, Esdolomada member. Grain size, bedding-plane geometry, sedimentary structures, bioturbation and fossils were documented and these observations lead to the division of the ridge deposits into five facies. Ridges can be either erosively or gradationally based, with the nature of the basal contact changing spatially within a single ridge, with a gradational base being most common along the offshore flank and down-current (north-westerly) tip of the ridges. Gradationally based parts of ridges in the Roda member pass upward from bioturbated Facies 5 to rippled Facies 4 and then into one of the cross-bedded facies. Ridge growth appears to have involved an evolution from deposition on their landward ‘lee’ side to accretion on their seaward ‘stoss’ side, relative to the locally dominant westerly directed ‘ebb’ current. Isopach maps, palaeocurrent data and stratigraphic position indicate that the tidal sands in the Roda Formation are headland-attached ridges that formed from the transgressive reworking of deltaic protuberances. They are elongated approximately parallel to the palaeoshoreline, which is coincident with basin-wide NW-SE oriented tidal currents. Ridges are not present throughout the Roda Formation, occurring only at the tip of those parasequences that prograded at least 2 km into the basin. This indicates that the deltaic headland to which the ridges were attached had to grow to a certain size in order to cause sufficient local acceleration of the tidal currents.

In the Masila region of Yemen, several hundred million barrels of recoverable oil occur within three Lower Cretaceous siliciclastic lithostratigraphic units of the upper Qishn Formation. The basal unit, S3, locally exceeds over 40 m in thickness. This unit overlies an erosive surface and is formed of blanket deposits of cross-bedded, fining-upward, pebbly sandstones with siliceous and dolomitic paleosols. The S3 unit reflects deposition from coarse-grained fluvial channels and related environments. The middle unit, S2, is composed of complexly interbedded sandstones and mudstones up to over 25 m thick. These deposits grade upward from S3 sediments and display cross-bedded pebbly sandstones, cross-bedded sandstones with mud drapes, and inclined heterolithic units formed of interbedded sandstones and mudstones. The S2 unit is capped by widespread churned and rooted mudstones 3-5 m thick. S2 deposition resulted from the rapid infilling of an estuary, or estuaries, created by the transgression of the fluvial systems responsible for S3 sedimentation. The uppermost unit, S1, at its base is formed of an eastern shelfal package with Helminthopsis- and Chondrites-bearing mudrocks, and western beds formed of sediments generally similar in appearance to the middle S2 unit. Above the lowest S1 deposits are marine muddy coquinas that blanket the study area. In the west, these sediments are abruptly to gradationally overlain by Ophiomorpha-bearing, fine-grained, cross-bedded shelly sandstones up to about 10 m thick. These sandstones form a north-south linear trend and are interpreted to represent a progradational pulse of subtidal shoal sediments that interrupted the general deepening trend exhibited by the upper Qishn interval. Final upper Qishn deposition was younger shelfal muddy coquinas that overlie the shoal deposits. These and younger carbonate sediments act as the uppermost seal to reservoirs in the Masila region. The upper Qishn sediments are compared to modern and Pleistocene estuarine deposits. We propose stratigraphic, depositional, and paleogeographic models for this formation and, from this analysis, we derive several implications for future petroleum operations in the region.

ABSTRACT An integrated surface and subsurface study, encompassing reservoir geometry, petrography, hydrodynamics and seismic, of the lower 200 metres of the Campanian Belly River Formation in west-central Alberta suggests the presence of a regional deep style of oil accumulation. In this setting hydrocarbons are found in the deepest (western) portions of the basin downdip of aquifers within lenticular fluvial reservoirs with northeasterly paleocurrent orientations which traverse a western northwest-striking fold and fault belt and an eastern northeast-striking fracture network. Faulted channel fills form traps in the western portions of the basin whereas updip sandstone pinchouts localize hydrocarbons in the shallower regions found in the east. The bulk of the lower Belly River Formation is interpreted to have been deposited within anastomosed fluvial environments. The interpreted paleogeographic setting and reservoir geometries of this fluvial system are compatible with the map views of the major channel fills, the mud-rich nature of the unit, the degree of hydrodynamic communication within channel fill trends, the nature and distribution of porosity and the seismic responses of channel fills. The major reservoir units are channel fills with thicknesses of 20 to 30 metres, widths up to several hundred metres and individual segments can be mapped over several tens of kilometres. Flanking rocks comprise rippled sheet sandstones interbedded with coaly mudstones; the latter are volumetrically the most significant deposits within the interval studied. The Belly River Formation displays progressive underpressuring in a westerly direction which reflects, in part, postorogenic erosion. The westernmost underpressured portions of the study area coincide with a potentiometric low within which hydrocarbons are the dominant interstitial fluid. To the east and updip localized oil pools with attendant aquifers are encountered. Individual channel fill segments display pressure communication over tens of kilometres. These conditions of hydrocarbon accumulation appear to cover several thousand square kilometres oriented along depositional and structural strike. In the western disturbed belt primary porosity is preserved within grain-supported conglomerates and pebbly sandstones associated with channel fills located in positions proximal to source terranes. Further east, secondary porosity predominates in sandy chert litharenite lithofacies and the best developed porosity is found adjacent to fractures which enhanced fluid migration and grain dissolution. Prior petroleum industry emphasis on deeper targets in this portion of western Canada has inhibited seismic delineation of Belly River reservoirs. The thickest reservoir bodies (20 metres and greater) and major structures (i.e., those with relief of 30 to 50 metres) are seismically resolvable if acquisition parameters are employed which utilize small group intervals and emphasize near trace data. Analysis of established productive trends reveals many criteria applicable to further exploration and more efficient exploitation. A case study is presented which illustrates the application of the concepts forwarded here to defining successful new drilling locations and new prospective areas are proposed. It is conceivable that new fields with over 14.7 million m3 (100 million barrels) of oil-in-place await discovery in the deeper parts of the basin whereas smaller accumulations with 2.9 to 3.7 million m3 (20-25 million barrels) of oil-in-place will be discovered in the shallower, eastern portions of the area examined. RESUME Une etude integree de surface et du sous-sol, comprenant geometrie de reservoir, petrographie, hydrodynamique et sismique, des 200 m inferieurs de la formation Belly River campanienne dans l'ouest de l'Alberta central suggere la presence d'un bassin regional profond contenant du petrole. Dans ce contexte, les hydrocarbures se trouvent dans les parties les plus profondes (occidentales) du bassin en aval-pendage des aquiferes dans des reservoirs fluviaux lenticulaires, End_Page 186------------------------ dont les orientations de paleocourants sont vers le nord-est, qui traversent une chaine faillee occidentale de plissements et de charriages orientee vers le nord-ouest et un reseau oriental de fractures oriente vers le nord-est. Les sediments de chenaux failles forment des pieges dans la partie occidentale du bassin, alors que des biseaux greseux en amont-pendage contiennent des hydrocarbures dans les regions moins profondes a l'est. En gros, la partie inferieure de la formation Belly River est interpretee comme ayant ete deposee dans des environnements fluviaux anastomoses. La position paleogeographique et la geometrie de reservoir interpretee sont compatibles avec les representations en plan des sediments de chenaux majeurs, le caractere boueux de la formation, le degre de communication hydrodynamique au sein des sediments de chenaux, la nature et la distribution de la porosite et la reponse sismique des sediments de chenaux. Les reservoirs majeurs sont des sediments de chenaux de 20-30 m d'epaisseur, 100-200 m de large dont des segments individuels peuvent etre suivi sur plus de quelques dizaines de km. Les roches sedimentaires adjacentes comprennent des gres rides intercales avec des pelites riches en charbon, qui sont les sediments les plus importants en volume dans l'intervalle etudie. La formation Belly River a un deficit de pression de plus en plus marque vers l'ouest, qui reflete en partie l'erosion post-orogenique. Les parties occidentales les plus deficitaires en pression de la region etudiee coincident avec une depression potentiometrique au sein de laquelle les hydrocarbures constituent le fluide interstitiel dominant. Vers l'est et en amont-pendage, certaines zones a huile locales associees a des aquiferes sont presentes. Des segments de sediments de chenaux individuels sont en communication de pression sur des dizaines de km. Ces conditions d'accumulation d'hydrocarbures semblent presentes sur quelque milliers de km2 le long des directions sedimentaire et structurale. Dans la zone occidentale perturbee, la porosite primaire est preservee dans les conglomerats et les gres conglomeratiques a grains jointifs qui sont localises dans les sediments de chenaux proches des terrains sources. Plus a l'est, la porosite secondaire domine dans les lithofacies de litharenites a cherts et la porosite la mieux developpee se trouve pres des fractures qui favoriserent la migration des fluides et la dissolution des grains. L'emphase dans le passe de l'industrie petroliere sur des reservoirs plus profonds dans cette partie de l'ouest canadien n'a pas permis de delineer les reservoirs de Belly River grace a la sismique. Les reservoirs les plus epais (plus de 20 m) et les structures majeures (celles dont le relief va de 30 a 50 m) sont discernables par sismique si les parametres d'acquisition utilises incluent un faible espacement des geophones et mettent l'accent sur des donnees de faible intensite. Les reponses sismiques proprement acquises permettent l'interpretation des sediments de chenaux refletant leur geometrie en affleurement. L'analyse de tendances de production etablies revele plusieurs criteres applicables a l'exploration future et a une production plus efficace. L'etude d'un cas specifique qui illustre l'application des concepts enonces ici pour definir le site de nouveaux forages fructueux est presentee, et de nouvelles zones prometteuses sont proposees. Il est concevable que de nouveaux champs de plus de 14,7 millions de m3 (100 millions de barils) d'huile en place puissent etre decouverts dans les parties les plus profondes du bassin, alors que de plus petites accumulations de 2,9-3,7 millions de m3 (20-25 millions de barils) d'huile en place puissent etre decouvertes dans les parties moins profondes, orientales de la region examinee. Traduit par Patrice de Caritat

Photogrammetric and Image processing are used in evaluating aircraft accidents and occurrences. Requirements for this necessitates the ability to evaluate any form of imagery such as metric, non-metric, realtime and near realtime video images, including non-conventional images from xray, and other non optical images. This paper describes areas of application, and results of using conventional photogrammetry and video images for real scene data and video animation of the photogrammetric data.