Petrol (Poland)

Paleomagnetism is the study of Earth’s magnetic field through geological time, as recorded by rocks. Most rocks contain magnetic minerals that record the magnetic field at the time of their formation. Retrieving this stored field is a robust method for reconstructing the past positions and motions of tectonic plates, providing essential insights into geodynamic processes and the long-term evolution of system Earth. However, traditional paleomagnetic methods cannot always recover the Earth's magnetic past because rocks have a geological history. Processes such as alteration, metamorphism, or tectonic processes can affect the mineralogy and the magnetic anisotropy. These processes can alter the preserved magnetic direction or intensity of some minerals, obscuring or erasing the primary magnetic record needed to reconstruct Earth’s past magnetic field. To overcome this problem, I advance and apply the novel approach Micromagnetic Tomography (MMT) in this thesis. Unlike traditional paleomagnetic methods, which measure the bulk magnetic signal of many minerals together, MMT targets the magnetic moment of individual minerals. The conditions in which magnetic minerals grow, determine their shape and size and thus their ability to record a magnetic signal. When measuring the average magnetic signal of millions of these minerals, this bias can hamper the measurement. MMT enables us to select magnetic moments of the reliable magnetic recorders in a rock, thereby overcoming the averaging inherent to bulk measurements. This offers more precise reconstructions of Earth’s past magnetic field direction and intensity than previously possible. This thesis advances the methodology of MMT through two main developments. I tested the use of a microlithography technique to prepare MMT samples. This method simplifies the co-registration of the different datasets required for MMT. Previously, co-registration was dependent on the presence of recognizable features on the sample surface. Microlithography deposits easily recognizable structures on the surface of samples lacking such features, enabling precise co-registration and therefore improving the precision with which magnetic moments are assigned to individual minerals. Furthermore, I present the design and development of an automated sample placement system. This innovation allows high-precision, reproducible positioning during magnetic measurements, greatly improving the robustness of MMT data acquisition. Building on these methodological improvements, MMT is applied here for the first time to a geological case study, focusing on Middle Devonian pillow basalts. Both traditional paleomagnetic analyses and MMT are used to compare the insights gained from bulk and individual approaches. Middle Devonian rocks are typically challenging to analyze, which is also evident in this dataset. The results demonstrate the added value of MMT, particularly when traditional techniques yield ambiguous signals. Finally, I discuss potential future directions for further improvement of MMT. Priorities are refining the statistical framework in which MMT operates and establishing MMT as a standard procedure and a versatile tool for the wider paleomagnetic community. With continued development, MMT has the potential to transform paleomagnetism by unlocking high-resolution magnetic records at the level of individual minerals, offering a new window into the history of Earth’s magnetic field by listening to the whispers of the North.

Soil use and occupation alter the physicochemical and biological processes of aquatic ecosystems. Urban streams are fundamental components of the macro-drainage system of cities; however, with the advance of urbanization, most streams are modified to the point that they are no longer recognized as streams but as sewage receptors. Physical diagnosis and monitoring of water quality are essential to understand the trophic state of these ecosystems in relation to environmental impacts associated with urbanization. From this perspective, this study aimed to diagnose the physical environment around the urban stretch of the Porteiras stream in Petrolina, PE, and water quality by determining the Water Quality Index (WQI) and the Trophic State Index (TSI). Five visitation points and two water sampling points were defined in two sampling campaigns (dry and rainy periods). The influence of land use and occupation was evident in the WQI due to silting up, suppression of riparian vegetation, inadequate presence of waste and effluents, and in the TDI due to the contribution of nutrients from the discharge of domestic sewage and agricultural activity.

Summary Paleozoic Oil Potantial of Diyarbakır Basin in Southeast Turkey This study aims to understand the Paleozoic oil potential of the Diyarbakır Basin of Southeastern Turkey. The Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Diyarbakır Basin consists of clastic and carbonate units deposited from the Precambrian to the end of the Permian. Early Silurian-aged Dadaş formation is the only source rock for the Paleozoic petroleum system. The oil generated in the Dadaş formation was trapped in Ordovician-aged Bedinan and Devonian-aged Hazro formations. The oil potential of the basin was estimated by mathematical basin modeling by using the software. It was determined that the Dadaş source rock generated 213.0 billion barrels of oil, of which 141.0 billion barrels were expelled, and 72.0 billion barrels remaining in the source rock.

Abstract The "Oficina" formation is the most important in the Eastern Venezuela Basin and represents the main target for this study, which is to optimize the oil production and increase well productivity by the means of reducing the oil viscosity through the application of downhole electrical heating cable. The main objective of this study is to investigate and quantify the effect of downhole electrical heating cable in the performance of the extraheavy oil reservoir and horizontal wells interaction by lowering the oil viscosity applying a coupled reservoir-wellbore simulation approach. A fully integrated 3D reservoir and discretized mechanistic wellbore simulation approach is carried out in order to estimate downhole heating effect and interaction between reservoir inflow and wellbore performance during the heating inside the wellbore. Bottom hole pressure and temperature profile inside wellbore, productivity index, production fluid rates along horizontal well section are estimated under several sensitivities and optimization process including: heating rate, length and location of the cable inside wellbore. Numerical simulation is performed with commercially available thermal simulation software that has the feature of a wellbore modeling tool that can couple to the reservoir model. Additionally, optimization software is used to perform the sensitivity analysis studies and the automatic optimization of the heating rate, cable length and position. The heating cable simulation approach allowed understanding the importance of considering wellbore heating parameters and the interaction of the highly viscous extraheavy oil in the reservoir by increasing the temperature inside the wellbore. By applying wellbore calculations coupled to the reservoir simulation, it was possible to understand critical aspects of the oil and gas flow in the reservoir due to different drawdown along horizontal well section, pressure lossess along the wellbore due tor friction and the general efficiency of the heating cable and consequences in oil production. Bottom hole pressure, productivity index and production fluid rates along horizontal well section, were estimated under several sensitivities and optimization workflow including the heating cable parameters and location inside wellbore in order to estimate the additional cumulative oil production and increase of the productivity index and bottom hole pressure. Therefore, the dynamic model assessment permitted to define several criterias for well selection candidates and founded the basis for wellbore completion design and monitoring protocol program for pilot test in the Field. Coupling wellbore reservoir simulation is more accurate when compared to a conventional numerical simulation approach since it was possible to conclude that location of the heating in the horizontal section and gas breakthrough could affects negatively the oil production of the wells due to gas expansion inside wellbore with temperature increase. Therefore, it is very important that heating cable assessment consider the fully integrated 3D reservoir and wellbore modeling.

In this work, ABS-g-MAH was used as the compatibilizer in poly carbonate/acrylonitrile styrene acrylate/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends. The polymer blends were prepared via a two-step method: first, raw PC, ASA, PMMA resins and ABS-g-MAH additives were completely mixed and granulated by extrusion molding, and then the standard PC/ASA/PMMA blends samples were obtained by injection molding. A comprehensive characterizations were performed on the PC/ASA/PMMA blends of their morphologies, mechanical properties and thermal properties. The results showed that the addition of ABS-g-MAH could promote the compatibilities among PC, ASA and PMMA, and ABS-g-MAH would significantly alter the mechanical and thermal properties of blends. In addition, the modified PC/ASA/PMMA was well compatible with natural rubber and cause less cytotoxicity when interacting with cells.

Abstract The Morichal reservoir at the Cerro Negro Extra Heavy Oil Field (Petromonagas JV) is starting its mature development phase after more than 18 years of production. In order to improve the current recovery factor which is around a value of 3%, maintain the production and reduce operational costs, two different strategies were defined: First, the use of the Jobo Member (overlaying sand deposits) to dispose the wastewater produced from the Morichal reservoir and second, the use of the shallow aquifer deposits of Las Piedras Formation as a water source for future massive implementation of EOR projects (Polymer and steam flooding), evaluating the potential origin of this water based on its physical and chemical properties. Both geological units are part of the drilled stratigraphic column of The Cerro Negro field, what brings technical and economical advantages such as high density of geological information available and the reuse of abandoned wells. This paper aims to describe the study case of the Cerro Negro Oil Field where on one hand, a static and dynamic characterization of Jobo Member was carried out in order to define the potential areas to be used as a wastewater disposal of the Morichal Member production. Based on the geological characterization, dynamic evaluation and surface facilities analysis, it was selected as the best area to dispose of more than 35,000 B/D of water derived from the production of 330 horizontal wells drilled; as well as, support the strategy of producing wells with high water cuts in zones of perched water and close to water contacts, where an important volume of oil is located which until now has been bypassed. On the other hand, the aquifer characterization of Las Piedras has allowed us to define the volume and composition of water available to use as a secure and probed water source during the EOR project implementation. As a result of the application of these strategies, the project management is expected to have an effect on saving in the infrastructure costs regarding the non-reconstruction/replacement of a 30 km pipeline connecting to an aquifer located outside of the field, in the El Salto Field (also located in the Orinoco Oil Belt), since the wastewater production would be disposed into the Jobo Member situated on Cerro Negro Field. Likewise, the definition of water volumes available from Las Piedras Formation support the massive implementation of the EOR projects planned for the next stage of the development of this field. It is expected that this study will open the possibility of considering a broader plan that could involve other extra heavy oil fields from the Orinoco Oil Belt, in order to use the whole geological column located in the same concession area, to reduce costs, minimize environmental risks, optimize production and make more viable extra heavy oil projects similar to this in Venezuela.

Le droit des minerais de guerre (blood minerals) , c’est-à-dire des minerais en provenance de République démocratique du Congo, à l’origine du conflit le plus sanglant depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, est le premier droit véritablement global de l’histoire du commerce. L’examen de cette régulation reposant sur le product shopping – dernier volet d’une recherche qui a retracé l’organisation juridique de l’industrie extractive africaine – est l’occasion d’esquisser une nouvelle théorie de la mondialisation du droit dite théorie des « espaces normatifs » en opérant un décentrement de l’analyse, c’est-à-dire en n’examin ant plus l’État national, objet traditionnel des sciences juridiques, mais le sujet et ses pratiques, nouvel objet de ces global legal studies au carrefour des sciences du droit, de l’homme et de la société.

Avaliou-se a influência do líquido da casca da castanha de caju sobre as características físicoquímicas e sensoriais das castanhas fritas e salgadas. Foram determinados a composição centesimal, o valor calórico, a acidez e o pH das castanhas. A análise descritiva quantitativa estabeleceu atributos capazes de descrever com fidedignidade as características sensoriais: cor, uniformidade da cor, aroma torrado, aroma doce, aroma de ranço, aroma velho, crocância, sabor torrado, sabor doce, sabor de ranço, sabor velho, sabor salgado, sabor amargo e qualidade global. As amostras sem manchas do líquido da casca apresentaram maiores percentuais de umidade, cinzas e proteínas, o conteúdo lipídico foi superior naquelas com manchas. As amostras de castanhas manchadas apresentaram médias superiores para sabor amargo e crocância, os demais atributos não apresentaram diferenças significativas. As características que mais influenciaram positivamente na qualidade global foram: cor, crocância, sabor torrado, aroma torrado, sabor doce e sabor salgado. Todas as amostras apresentaram boa aceitação sensorial. O processo de fritura seguido da salga resulta em boa aceitabilidade; mesmo após esse processo, a presença do líquido da casca reduz a aceitação, por ocasionar sabor amargo mais intenso. A fritura e a salga minimizam, mas não mascaram o sabor residual do líquido da casca.

A new, single-phase Sn0.925Ce0.07Rh0.005O2 gas sensitive material has up to now been used as a catalyst for the bimolecular condensation of aldehydes and C-alkylation of hydroxyarenes with alcohols. It was subjected to the isopropanol test, the oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexane test, and the cyclohexene + H2 test. A general physico-chemical analysis was done, and it included XRD, SEM, mercury porosimetry, TPD NH3, and IR (pyridine) spectroscopy. The tests results are compliant with the basic character of the catalyst; however, it reveals significant total acidity (0.274 mmol NH3/g) and the presence of Lewis strong acid centers (0.126 mmol Py/g). The presence of these centers in the dehydrogenating catalysts cause the ability to catalyze both the bimolecular condensation of aldehydes and C-alkylation of hydroxyarenes with alcohols.