Pew Research Center

Many recent surveys have pointed to a Christian resurgence among young adults in the United Kingdom. This narrative, however, may be misleading. These surveys canvass members of opt-in panels who have signed up to participate, often in response to website ads or email campaigns. Surveys using random samples of the population do not show clear evidence of a Christian resurgence. In such surveys, you can only participate if the researchers randomly select you to respond. In this analysis, we’ll highlight the results of these recent “opt-in” surveys and compare them with the results of surveys based on random samples.

<title>Abstract</title> Ecological monitoring in protected wetlands increasingly requires continuous, high-resolution data acquisition under conditions of limited power availability and unreliable network connectivity. Although artificial intelligence (AI) has advanced ecological data analysis, many existing approaches rely on cloud-centric architectures that are poorly suited to sensitive and infrastructure-constrained environments. This study evaluates the role of dedicated single-board computer (SBC) systems with on-device AI capabilities for ecological monitoring in protected wetlands.Field deployments were conducted at Sasthamcotta Lake, Kerala, India, a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance and the largest freshwater lake in the state. Two purpose-built, solar-powered edge-AI systems were deployed between August and December 2025 to perform autonomous monitoring under real-world monsoonal conditions. System One focused on real-time validation and anomaly detection of physico-chemical sensor data, including turbidity, pH, and nitrogen levels. System Two integrated periodic biological sampling with AI-assisted image analysis and correlation models to estimate biological indicators, including <italic>E. coli</italic> presence and <italic>Chaoborus</italic> spp. (locally referred to as cavaborus larvae), which contribute to the lake’s natural bacterial regulation.The results demonstrate that edge-AI systems achieved high operational reliability (\((&gt;98%)\) uptime), low inference latency (120--180 ms), minimal data loss (\((&lt;1%)\)), and sustained operation using solar power alone. By separating data validation and ecological interpretation across two edge-AI systems, continuous monitoring was maintained without reliance on cloud infrastructure. These findings establish dedicated edge-AI SBC systems as essential infrastructure for ecological research and conservation monitoring in protected and resource-constrained wetland environments.

BackgroundArterial stiffness is implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. The effect of intensive blood pressure control on changing arterial stiffness parameters and their associations with cognitive impairment remains unclear.MethodSPRINT evaluated the effect of intensive versus standard blood pressure control (SBP<120mmHg versus SBP<140 mmHg) on time to cognitive impairment. Arterial stiffness was assessed in a subset of participants by total carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (T‐PWV, in m/s) at baseline and years 1‐3. Age‐related structural stiffening (S‐PWV, due to vessel wall remodeling) and load‐dependent stiffening (LD‐PWV, due to changes in BP over the cardiac cycle) were calculated by adjusting T‐PWV to a 120/80 mmHg reference with participant‐specific models. Cognitive impairment was assessed by repeated testing over 10 years with adjudication of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or Probable Dementia (PD) as a composite outcome. Time to incident cognitive impairment was estimated as hazard ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI) using Cox proportional hazards for baseline stiffness and Joint Longitudinal Survival Models for changes in stiffness over time adjusted for treatment arm, demographics (age, race, sex, education), baseline mean arterial pressure, and heterogeneous effects of intensive BP control.ResultA total of 611 participants (72±9 years old, 40% women, 70% White) had T‐PWV and time to event data resulting in 90 composite MCI (n = 62) and PD (n = 28) events over a median follow‐up of 6.2 years. Each m/s higher baseline T‐PWV and S‐PWV was significantly associated with a 10% increase in the hazards for developing incident cognitive impairment independent of treatment arm but was attenuated by adjustment for demographics (Table 1). LD‐PWV declined with intensive SBP control, while T‐PWV and S‐PWV increased over the 3‐year study treatment period (Figure 1). Intensive treatment‐related declines in LD‐PWV were associated a 21% reduction [HR(95%CI) = 0.79(0.61‐1.00] in the risk for cognitive impairment adjusted for demographics (Table 2). No heterogeneous treatment effects based on T‐PWV, S‐PWV, or LD‐PWV were detected.ConclusionComponents of arterial stiffness are associated with incident cognitive impairment independent of BP control. Arterial stiffness remains an unaddressed risk factor for cognitive impairment and potential target for dementia prevention.

Background:Components of arterial stiffness (structural stiffness from aging and load-dependent stiffness from high blood pressure) are markers for cardiovascular disease risk. We evaluated relationships between polygenic risk scores (PRS) for blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness.Methods:Participants (n=5942) are from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis with measures of carotid ultrasound and genomic DNA. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was calculated from carotid ultrasound representing total stiffness. Structural stiffness was calculated by adjusting PWV to a 120/80 mmHg blood pressure with participant-specific models. Load-dependent stiffness was the difference of total and structural stiffness. Blood pressure PRSs were previously derived from a genome-wide association study. Associations between BP PRSs and components of carotid arterial stiffness were assessed with multivariable-adjusted regression models. Mendelian Randomization (MR) was performed with two-stage least squares to 1) confirm that BP PRSs strongly predict MAP and 2) estimate the effect of MAP on arterial stiffness.Results:Participants (n=5,942) were mean (standard deviation) age of 62.8 (10.3) years (52% female; 39% White, 25% African-American, 13% Asian, 23% Hispanic). Systolic BP (SBP) was 133.5 (20.5) mmHg, diastolic BP (DBP) was 74.27 (10.28) mmHg and pulse pressure (PP) was 59.22 (16.17) mmHg. Total carotid stiffness was associated with the SBP PRS (β=0.10 +/− 0.02, p=5.25E-08) and the DBP PRS (β: 0.08 +/− 0.02, p=7.26E-07) but not PP PRS (β=0.04 +/− 0.02, P=0.05). Load dependent carotid stiffness was associated with the SBP PRS β=0.09 +/− 0.01, p=7.93*10−30) the DBP PRS (β=0.09 +/− 0.01, p= 4.92*10−34) and the PP PRS (β=0.03 +/− 0.01, p= 8.18*10−5). Structural carotid stiffness was not associated with any BP PRSs. MR showed that SBP and DPB PRS strongly predict MAP (p<0.001) and each 1-mmHg increase in MAP raised load dependent stiffness by 0.0494 m/s (p<0.001).Conclusion:There are key differences in the genetic underpinnings of the mechanistic components of arterial stiffness.

The skincare industry in Indonesia is rapidly growing, creating the need to understand consumer behavior in local markets such as Purwodadi. Alicia Skincare Clinic attracts consumers with affordable and tailored products, while purchase decisions are shaped by lifestyle, customer trust, and product reviews. Since previous studies show inconsistent results regarding these factors, this study aims to examine their influence on purchase decisions at Alicia Skincare Clinic Purwodadi to provide useful insights for improving marketing strategies. This study adopts a quantitative approach with a survey method. Questionnaires were distributed to 70 active consumers of Alicia Skincare Clinic Purwodadi, chosen through a simple random sampling technique. The data obtained were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS version 26 to evaluate the effects of lifestyle, customer trust, and product reviews on purchase decisions. The findings indicate that lifestyle, customer trust, and product reviews positively and significantly affect purchase decisions, both partially and collectively. Of these variables, lifestyle emerges as the most dominant factor influencing consumer decisions at Alicia Skincare Clinic Purwodadi. The study concludes that lifestyle, customer trust, and product reviews significantly influence purchase decisions, with lifestyle being the most dominant factor. Businesses, especially Alicia Skincare Clinic, should focus on aligning their products with consumers’ lifestyles, strengthening trust through quality and safety, and encouraging positive reviews to enhance competitiveness. Future research is suggested to explore additional factors influencing consumer behavior for broader insights.

Religiosity tends to decline across generations. However, religious decline is more pronounced in some countries and the diminishing aspects of religion vary by context. To explain such variation, we extend the general secular transition model, which proposes that countries undergo a similar process of secularization beginning at different points in time. We explain that secular transition happens in three steps: first, public ritual participation declines; second, the importance of religion to individuals declines; and third, people shed religious affiliation. We test this model using datasets from surveys in 111 countries (Pew Research Center), 58 countries (World Values Survey and European Values Study (WVS/EVS)), and a subset of 17 countries measured in at least five WVS/EVS waves. We show the model fits countries with Christian, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist pluralities. While Eastern post-Soviet countries deviate from this pattern, traditionally Muslim countries appear to follow its early stages. However, we recommend caution in interpreting longitudinal claims, due to limited data.

As globalization decouples citizenship from geography and institutionalresponsiveness, individuals increasingly seek alternative forms of political alignment.This article introduces the concept of Immigration Voice: a frameworkfor interpreting cross-border mobility as a patterned response to perceived legitimacydeficits—not merely as exit or escape, but as a mode of institutional re-selection.Departing from Hirschman’s classic notion of “exit” as silent withdrawal,Immigration Voice emphasizes the comparative dimension of relocation: whenelectoral mechanisms lose effectiveness and feedback loops erode, migration flowsmay register as aggregated preferences for alternative institutional environments.Under specific conditions of scale and narrative coherence, such movements canconstitute externally observable indicators of institutional credibility.Grounded in comparative political theory and informed by empirical migrationpatterns, the article frames Immigration Voice both as a conceptual lens andas a potential metric of democratic behavior in asymmetrical political environments.Rather than being peripheral to political life, the spatial reorientation of civicpreference has become increasingly central to how legitimacy and agencyare contested in the twenty-first century.While this article outlines the conditions under which migration might serve as acomparative indicator of institutional legitimacy, the proposed metric remainsa conceptual framework for future empirical researchKeywords: Immigration voice, political agency, immigration, migration,institutional legitimacy, democratic participation, comparative indicator, spatialpolitics.JEL Classification: F22, P16, D72, H11, Z13.

Do people define ethnic/racial categories more narrowly or weigh ascriptive criteria more strongly when material stakes incentivize others to identify in certain ways? Realistic group conflict theory predicts as much. We join this theory with recent research that treats ethnic/racial classification as an outcome. We report the results of conjoint survey experiments with two samples, one of undergraduates from diverse ethnic/racial backgrounds, the other of U.S. resident adults. By randomly varying whether respondents racially classify hypothetical profiles completing a scholarship application or an anonymous survey, we examine under what conditions people are more or less likely to classify others as White, Black, Latino, Asian, MENA or POC. We also test whether classification relies more on ascriptive factors (skin tone or descent) when presumed benefits are involved. Our experiments uncover evidence that respondents rely more on ancestry when deciding whether scholarship candidates are White. However, for other classifications, the substantive differences between the scholarship and survey conditions are small, and respondents from different backgrounds behave similarly. These results are consistent with the basic thesis that stakes matter; they also highlight widely shared concerns about fairness and claiming disadvantage inappropriately.

Objective: To compare operative time, hospital stay and post-operative complications between laparoscopic and open pyloromyotomy. Study Design: Randomized Prospective study. Setting: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. Period: 7th May 2022 to 7th November 2022. Material &amp; Methods: This study included 20 patients each in the two groups. Group A underwent laparoscopic whereas group B underwent open pyloromyotomy. Both groups were compared regarding operative time (OT), hospital stay (HS) and post-operative complications. Results: OT ranged from 20 to 70 min with a mean of 15.4 min in group A. In group B, the mean OT was 25.6 min (range, 25–60 min). HS ranged from 14 to 58 hours with a mean of 16.8 hours in group A. In group B, it ranged from 19 to 30 hours, and the mean was 24.2 hours. One case in group A was converted to open approach (conversion rate 5%) because of mucosal perforation while one case of incomplete pyloromyotomy was found. Conclusion: Laparoscopic technique has shorter operative time and hospital stay than open surgery. Complication like mucosal perforation were seen in laparoscopy group, however, it was not found statistically significant.

Abstract The first decade of the twenty-first century was remarkable in terms of migration between Mexico and the United States. For the first time since the 1930s, the net flow of Mexicans to the United States declined to approximately zero for an extended period, and in fact, may have been negative (with more Mexicans returning to Mexico than going to the U.S.). Flows in both directions changed dramatically over a very short period. Movement to the United States decreased after 2005 reaching low levels not seen since the 1970s. At the same time, migration from the U.S. to Mexico—mostly Mexican-born former immigrants and some U.S.-born children of Mexicans—more than doubled from the levels of the late 1990s.