Polish University Abroad

This chapter highlights the significance of the UNWCC in the development of ideas about ‘war crimes’, and the contribution made by the Polish War Crimes Office through interventions in internal UNWCC debates and through submitted Charge Files. The chapter considers post-war justice in the context of increasing East/West tensions and the decisions made by various Polish jurists to remain in exile or to return to Poland. The final part of the chapter discusses the continued relevance of the Polish War Crimes Office in relation to debates on collaboration, sexual and gender-based crimes and to understandings of Polish responses to the Holocaust.

In the midst of the Second World War, the Allies acknowledged Germany's ongoing programme of extermination. In the Shadow of the Holocaust examines the struggle to attain post-war justice and prosecution. Focusing on Poland's engagement with the United Nations War Crimes Commission, it analyses the different ways that the Polish Government in Exile (based in London from 1940) agitated for an Allied response to German atrocities. Michael Fleming shows that jurists associated with the Government in Exile made significant contributions to legal debates on war crimes and, along with others, paid attention to German crimes against Jews. By exploring the relationship between the UNWCC and the Polish War Crimes Office under the authority of the Polish Government in Exile and later, from the summer of 1945, the Polish Government in Warsaw, Fleming provides a new lens through which to examine the early stages of the Cold War.

Information about German atrocities against Jews during the Second World War reached Britain throughout the conflict. The arrival of information, however, did not mean that it was equally accessible to all sections of the population. Like all information entering Britain during the war, it was subjected to various control processes—including different forms of censorship and journalistic and editorial decisions (newspapers, the BBC). The manner in which recipients comprehended the information was also coloured by their pre-occupations (social, political), prejudices (including antisemitism), their understanding of atrocity news in a context in which the reporting of atrocities during the Great War had been criticised and, at the level of senior government officials and senior politicians, geo-political concerns and a determination not to undermine domestic morale in the context of war. It is therefore important to recognise that different groups had different access to information about atrocities against Jews, and that key gatekeepers exercised influence on how the information that reached wider publics was actually understood.

This study aims to examine and compare the electronic government (e-government) services of Croatia, Poland and Turkey. In this study, e-government of three countries were examined with comparative case study method. A comparative case study conducted with using United Nation’s E-Government Survey 2018, academic studies, researches, reports, legal regulations and statistics. The e- Governments of the countries were examined under five headings. These were e-governments’ analysis, historical developments, legal regulations, services on the systems, users’ profiles, satisfaction surveys of the service. Firstly, the historical process of e-governments for each country was explained. Then, historical developments of e-government were explained for each country. The legal arrangements of the countries were identified. User profiles and services the countries provide were compared. As the final heading, it was inquired whether there was any satisfaction survey conducted by the countries. In the conclusion part, there will be suggestions based on the differences in e-governments of the countries.

The article discusses Pope Paul VI’s encyclicals Eccelsiam suam and Humanae vitae and their relevance for the Church teaching on moral principles concerning procreation, marital love and human sexuality. Pope Paul VI expressed his opposition to the corruption of morality and his words resonate with striking prophetic relevance. The Pope called for conversion and opening to Christ again by showing to the confused generation the joy of Christianity and Christ as the true source of happiness. His pontificate teaches us fidelity to the Gospel and to traditional Church teaching by reminding man’s call to holiness.

A Multifaceted Approach to the Feeling of Loneliness – The Phenomenon of Loneliness Among Polish Women in Great Great Britain

ABSTRACTThe article seeks to contribute to debates on the British management of news of the Holocaust during World War II. It provides a case study of how a mid-level diplomat, the scholar Isaiah Berlin, responded to news about the destruction of Jews in Europe while serving British interests in the United States. It is argued that Berlin’s reports to London, in marginalizing how different constituencies in the United States reacted to the terrible news from Europe, played a role in insulating decision-makers in London from pressure from American civil society to act to save the perishing. The article provides a fuller appraisal of the information about the Holocaust that Berlin had access to during the war than has hitherto been offered and advances explanations for Berlin’s wartime responses to, and his postwar account of, news of the destruction of Europe’s Jews. It is contended that ‘genteel’ antisemitism took a toll on Berlin, and that the particularity of Berlin’s chosen British (and) Jewish identities influenced his responses to news of the Holocaust.

The article revisits and seeks to clarify and provide with new perspectives the debate between the theoretical approaches of four authors – Michel Villey, Brian Tierney, John Finnis and Javier Hervada – in their accounts of the contemporary formulation of the concept of “ius”. Although all authors analyzed in the paper share common thomistic roots in their respective argumentations on the essential meaning and content of the concept of “right”, they still differ in their accounts with regard to the understanding of Aquinas’s classical juridical realism, the relation between “law” and “right” and the role of subjective rights in history and in today’s juridical discourse. The paper seeks to highlight how such comparative perspective reveals not only the contrasts in the theoretical accounts of these authors with regard to the structural “locus” of the focal point of juridicity, but also renders manifest certain perspectives of integration of each approach with contributions achieved by the other interlocutors of the debate.