Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin

Poly-(ionic liquid)-s (PILs) have emerged as a versatile class of materials whose structural diversity, ranging from backbone chemistry and side-chain functionality to counterion type, governs their aggregation behavior, interfacial adsorption, and nanoscale self-assembly. These attributes make PILs attractive candidates for advanced applications in lubrication, dispersion stabilization, and sustainable functional materials. However, correlating molecular architecture with macroscopic performance remains a significant challenge, largely due to the complex and dynamic nature of their structural evolution. This review critically examines recent progress in understanding PIL structure-property relationships through multiscale characterization. Surface tension provides insight into interfacial activity, while small-angle X-ray scattering and small-angle neutron scattering elucidate nanoscale organization and hierarchical assembly. Complementarily, zeta-potential measurements quantify electrostatic interactions and the colloidal stability. Together, these techniques enable a coherent framework linking molecular design, interfacial phenomena, and bulk performance. Key knowledge gaps are highlighted, including the need for in situ and operando studies under realistic operating conditions as well as the integration of experimental techniques with computational modeling to capture dynamic restructuring and long-term stability. By synthesizing insights across structural chemistry, scattering techniques, and interfacial science, this review establishes future research directions for the rational design of PILs as next-generation dispersants, lubricants, and sustainable advanced materials.

Tubule identification is a critical task in histopathology cancer grading, as the presence and architecture of glandular structures are closely associated with cancer differentiation. This study presents an ontology-based framework for the detection of tubules in breast, prostate, and colon cancer histopathology images. The framework integrates domain knowledge through spatial and morphological analysis, emulating the diagnostic process used by pathologists. The proposed method consists of three main stages: segmentation of lumen candidates, segmentation of nuclei using an improved Fuzzy C-Means clustering approach, and a biologically informed three-phase spatial validation process for tubule detection. This includes nuclear density assessment, boundary conformity analysis, and area overlap verification to ensure reliable classification of glandular structures. The dataset comprises 60 annotated images collected from Malaysian medical institutions, including 20 images from each cancer type. Experimental results demonstrate robust performance, with breast cancer achieving the highest detection accuracy (0.95) and Dice score (0.93), followed by colon (0.91) and prostate cancer (0.89). The framework shows strong generalizability across cancer types and offers an interpretable, automated solution that supports histopathological analysis and grading. The findings highlight the potential of ontology-guided image analysis in improving diagnostic precision and reproducibility in computational pathology.

This study proposes a conceptual framework that integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Green Accounting (GR) practices to enhance University Social Responsibility (USR) within the context of Islamic values. The framework positions the Khilafah principles, derived from the Qur’an and Hadith, as a moderating factor that influences the relationship between AI-driven GR and USR outcomes. The study identifies five key elements of the khilafah principle, namely amanah (trust), adl (justice), ihsan (excellence), maslahah (public welfare) and tafwid or hisbah (delegated trust and accountability), which serve as essential values guiding the ethical integration of AI into sustainability practices. By aligning technological advancements with these faith-based responsibilities, the proposed model promotes a value-driven approach to sustainability. This framework contributes to the expanding body of literature on Islamic sustainability practices and offers practical insights for policymaking and strategic planning in higher education institutions.

This study explores how religiosity operates as a behavioral and moral foundation for ethical decision-making in Islamic finance within the distinctive socio-legal context of Aceh, Indonesia. Unlike prior studies that conceptualize ethical conduct primarily as an outcome of formal Shariah compliance, this research adopts an interpretive perspective to examine how religious values are internalized, negotiated, and enacted in everyday financial practices. Drawing on qualitative data from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with Islamic finance practitioners, Shariah scholars, community leaders, and small business actors, the study employs thematic analysis to uncover the moral logics underlying ethical financial behavior. The findings demonstrate that religiosity functions not merely as an individual attribute but as a socially embedded moral framework shaped by communal norms, institutional trust, and local regulatory arrangements. Participants consistently framed ethical financial decisions as religious obligations rooted in accountability to God, while simultaneously navigating tensions between Shariah ideals and market-based economic pressures. These tensions were particularly salient among small business actors who confronted practical constraints in maintaining Shariah compliance while pursuing financial sustainability. The study further reveals that ethical decision-making is mediated by financial literacy and perceptions of institutional credibility, suggesting that religiosity alone is insufficient without supportive educational and organizational structures. This research contributes to qualitative and critical scholarship in Islamic finance and business ethics by advancing a contextualized understanding of religiosity as a relational and practice-based phenomenon. The findings highlight the importance of integrating ethical education, community engagement, and institutional governance to strengthen ethical integrity and long-term sustainability in Islamic financial systems.

Phishing is one of the most dangerous attacks in cybersecurity, which has increased since the introduction of IoT devices, involving attempts to trick users into handing over their passwords and sensitive data. Since most existing detection mechanisms are either nonintuitive or untrusted from the user's perspective, this project attempted to create a phishing detection system that relies on machine learning with explainable AI (XAI). Considering the results of previous studies that stress the importance of accurate and understandable phishing detection models, a five-phase framework was adopted: data collection, data cleaning, data modeling, XAI, and design of an interactive mechanism. The PhishTank dataset was preprocessed to improve model performance by optimizing the feature set and eliminating noise. Random Forest (RF) was selected, which was the best in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score compared to Logistic Regression (LR) and Decision Trees (DT) models. LIME and SHAP were used to offer interpretability and present feature importance at the instance and global levels, respectively. Through an engaging mechanism, users can input URLs, obtain predictions regarding possible phishing attempts, and even read explanations, promoting comprehension and trust. This research shows that including XAI can improve not only the efficacy of the phishing detection systems, but also the level of trust that users have in such systems and be the basis for even more robust and more explainable cybersecurity mechanisms.

Learning Arabic as a foreign language often causes challenges for school students because of the significant differences to their mother tongue and the unappealing methods of traditional teaching and learning. This development research of online digital game application aims to develop and evaluate an innovative, simple and interactive learning method by adapting the traditional Hangman childhood game by using web-based application development technology of HTML, JavaScript and CSS. The development methodology of this application involves an iterative process between needs analysis, designing, developing, and testing prototypes to ensure that the game produced is of high quality and hopefully meets the needs of students in improving their mastery of Arabic vocabulary. The Hangman digital game that was developed is expected to overcome non-interactive traditional learning methods, with aim to increase students’ motivation in mastering their Arabic vocabulary. The results of the study are expected to contribute to the field of Arabic education by providing an effective learning alternative that attract school students.

This bibliometric study investigates research trends and scholarly developments in the application of acoustic approaches to second language acquisition and learning (SLA). In recent years, the use of phonetic analysis, acoustic feedback, and speech technologies has played an increasingly important role in understanding how learners perceive and produce speech in a second language context. Despite the growing body of research, a comprehensive overview of the global patterns, influential works, thematic structures, and collaboration networks in this field remains limited. To address this gap, this study employed a bibliometric approach using data retrieved from the Scopus database between 2010 and June 2025. The search strategy utilized seven targeted keywords second language acquisition, learning, language, acoustic study, phonetic analysis, phonetic, and speech sounds resulting in a final dataset of 580 documents. Analytical tools including Scopus Analyzer, OpenRefine, and VOSviewer were used to clean, process, and visualize the data through descriptive metrics and network maps. The findings indicate a significant increase in publication output, particularly between 2020 and 2024, reflecting a rising interest in integrating acoustic and phonetic tools in SLA research. The research output was primarily concentrated in the social sciences and arts and humanities, with meaningful contributions from computer science and psychology. Highly cited keywords such as "speech perception," "phonetics," and "bilingualism" highlight the interdisciplinary focus of the field, while the co-authorship network shows strong international collaboration led by countries such as the United States, China, and the United Kingdom. This study contributes by identifying dominant research directions and offering a foundational reference for future investigations. It further underscores the value of bibliometric methods in tracing the evolution of acoustic-based SLA research and highlights the potential for technological innovations to support language learning practices.

This study explores the intersection of Arabic language and social media research in the Malaysian context through a bibliometric analysis, aiming to understand the development, distribution, and thematic focus of scholarly publications in this domain. Despite the growing significance of Arabic language education and digital communication platforms in Malaysia, there has been limited comprehensive analysis of the research trends that shape this evolving field. To address this gap, a bibliometric approach was employed, using four targeted keywords “Arabic language,” “social media,” “Malaysia,” and “bibliometric analysis” to retrieve data from the SCOPUS database. The initial dataset, spanning publications up to December 2023, yielded a total of 852 records. Data cleaning and standardization were conducted using OpenRefine to ensure consistency and accuracy, followed by in-depth mapping and network visualization using VOSviewer (version 1.6.15). SCOPUS Analyzer was also utilized to examine publication trends, prolific authors, source journals, country contributions, and citation impact. The analysis revealed a significant increase in publications post 2015, with a concentration of articles in educational and linguistic journals. Keyword co-occurrence mapping indicated strong thematic links between Arabic language learning, digital pedagogy, online discourse, and non-native speakers. Citation analysis identified the most influential articles, while country level collaboration data highlighted Malaysia’s emerging role in Arabic linguistic research in the digital sphere. This study contributes to a clearer understanding of the knowledge structure and intellectual evolution in this niche area, offering valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and future researchers. It demonstrates the importance of bibliometric tools in tracing research trajectories and identifying strategic directions for future inquiry in Arabic language and social media integration within Malaysia.

This paper presents the design of a wireless radio frequency (RF)-based moisture estimation system for powdered materials using the ESP8266 module. The system aims to evaluate the correlation between moisture content and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) in rice flour, wheat flour, and tea powder. A transmitter-receiver setup operating at 2.4 GHz was implemented to measure RSSI changes as moisture content varied. Polynomial regression models were constructed in MATLAB to estimate moisture levels from RSSI data. Experimental results showed that the system is capable of accurately estimating moisture content, with high <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{R}^{\mathbf{2}}$</tex> values. This system offers a non-destructive, cost-effective solution suitable for agricultural monitoring, food storage, and smart IoT applications.

The longevity and sustainability of Islamic family businesses (IFBs) are perpetually challenged by the complexities inherent in succession planning, a critical issue exacerbated by the mandatory distribution rules of Faraid (Islamic inheritance law). The strict application of Faraid post-mortem often results in the fragmentation of business assets and ownership among numerous heirs, which can destabilize the enterprise and threaten its long-term viability. This paper addresses this crucial challenge by investigating the strategic role of Hibah (inter vivos gift) as a proactive, Shariah-compliant instrument for wealth transfer and ensuring business continuity within IFBs. The core of the analysis centers on the inherent flexibility of Hibah, particularly in its contemporary and sophisticated form known as Hibah Amanah (Trust Hibah). This mechanism empowers Muslim business owners to strategically transfer assets, including crucial business shares, real property, and other capital, to designated, preferred heirs during their lifetime. By executing this transfer, the gifted assets are effectively removed from the estate subject to Faraid upon the owner's death, thereby mitigating the risk of fragmentation and preserving the integrity of the business structure. The study adopts a comparative legal and practical approach, examining the implementation of Hibah in key jurisdictions such as Malaysia and Indonesia. These contexts demonstrate a growing utilization of Hibah strategies to pre-emptively resolve potential inheritance-related family conflicts and facilitate a seamless transition of both management control and ownership. Furthermore, the research critically analyses the jurisprudential evolution of Hibah, tracing its foundations in classical Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) and its subsequent adaptation by contemporary Islamic scholars to address the complexities of modern corporate and business structures. The findings underscore that a meticulously structured Hibah strategy transcends a mere estate planning tool. It emerges as a vital mechanism for strategic business succession, offering a robust and religiously sanctioned pathway to reconcile the sacred religious obligations of inheritance with the economic imperative of enterprise sustainability and the preservation of the family's legacy across multiple generations.