Prime University

Obstetrics complication as a result of pregnancy is a significant socio-cultural health issue in low socio-economic environments especially in Bangladesh where social-economic deprivation and poor circumstances of accessing high-quality maternal healthcare are still widespread. This paper focuses on the commonality of the pregnancy related complications and the socioeconomic factors of these among the low income women in Bangladesh through a cross-section design. Five hundred pregnant women who were recruited in the community and facility based settings and in various districts were used to collect the data. Data of socio-demographic status, education, occupation, marital status, access to healthcare facilities and conditions during pregnancy, such as anemia, hypertensive disorders, and pregnancy infections, were collected by means of structured interviews and antenatal documentation. The descriptive statistics, a bivariate analysis, and a multivariate logistic regression model were used to determine factors related to pregnancy-related complications as well as sensitivity and interaction analyses. The results show that majority of the participants had one or more pregnancy-related complications. Education levels of the mothers and the occupation status became major risk factors with women who had low or incomplete levels of education having higher odds of complications especially anemia. A job in the service line of work was linked to a lower risk of complications. The associations of hypertensive disorders with social vulnerability were also more pronounced with separated or divorced status of marriage whereas the severe complications had less strong associations with characteristic socioeconomic factors in the individual, implying the impact of health system and emergency care variables. Altogether, the paper presents the paramount importance of socioeconomic and structural factors to maternal health.

This paper briefly describes the potential of Urban Agriculture in Bangladesh. The most challenging issues of Bangladesh today include alleviation of poverty and environmental management in the context of the rapidly growing population. Promoting gardening among urban residents holds the potential to improve urban diets in low- and middle-income countries, but there is a lack of evidence of impact. The study reveals that various types of agriculture exist in Dhaka city e.g., vegetable garden, ornamental plants, floriculture, pigeon and birds fostering, dairy and goat farming. The survey identified that it is a hobby for most of the people in three Thana in Dhaka City (Bashabo, Gulshan and Pallabi). As it creates the aesthetic beauty of the houses and environment, people become interested in making gardens. Nowadays, with the desire to have fresh and chemical-free food, people are trying to grow some vegetables and fruits in their backyard. Thus, research has been set to find out how urban agriculture plays a role in our country's context. So, this study has been decorated by some issues like the condition of existing urban agriculture in Dhaka city and its pattern and process, types, spaces and location of urban agriculture. The findings of the survey reveal that various types of agriculture exist in Dhaka city e.g., vegetable garden, ornamental plants, floriculture, pigeon and birds fostering, dairy and goat farming. The agro climatic condition is well suited for growing many flowers and foliage plants in Bangladesh. Since Floriculture is a new industry in Bangladesh it has a tremendous scope to develop. Dairy farm has become also popular for demand of milk. Dairy farm is commonly seen in every ward.

Background: Breast cancer, a leading malignancy in women, is influenced by hormonal and reproductive factors. Early menarche and late menopause increase breast cancer risk due to prolonged estrogen exposure. Objective: To investigate associations between reproductive factors (early menarche, late menopause) and breast cancer risk. Methods: This cross-sectional study at Dhaka Medical College (June 2023 to May 2024) included 32 breast cancer patients. Data were collected via questionnaires and medical records. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Results: The study included 32 participants with a mean age of 45.2 ± 10.5 years. Early menarche (≤11 years) was observed in 28.1%, and 56.2% were postmenopausal. A positive family history was reported in 37.5%, with 58.3% having an affected mother. Ductal carcinoma (75.0%) was the most common histological type, and 62.5% were ER-positive. Most cases were diagnosed at Stage II (37.5%) or Stage III (28.1%), emphasizing late detection. Conclusion: This study underscores the role of reproductive factors and family history in breast cancer risk, emphasizing the need for early screening. Mediscope 2026;13(1): 16-21

It has long been believed that crystalline solids will always have atomic-scale disorder, which includes vacancies, interstitials, andesite defects, local strain fields, short-range compositional changes, and amorphous pockets. The functional qualities of materials can be controlled by redefining disorder as a flexible and adjustable design parameter. Across classes of crystalline materials (oxides, chalcogenides, perovskites, semiconductors, and two-dimensional crystals), we synthesize experimental and theoretical advances demonstrate how particular types and distributions of atomic-scale disorder alter charge-carrier dynamics, optical absorption and emission, magnetic ordering, ionic conductivity, thermal transport, and mechanical response. Mechanistic relationships are highlighted, including how correlated defect complexes and local strain mediate polaron generation and carrier mobility, how interface disorder and grain-boundary structure control ion transport and catalytic activity, and how point defects alter electronic band edges and trap states. From total-scattering PDF analysis and advanced spectroscopies to aberration-corrected TEM, atom probe tomography, and scanning probe microscopies, we go over characterization tools and how data-driven models, large-scale molecular dynamics, and first-principles calculations are coming together to predict and direct disorder engineering. Successful methods for improving device performance such as defect-enabled light emission, dopant-activated ionic conductors, and disorder-stabilized phases are highlighted in case studies. We conclude with useful recommendations for intentional disorder design and point out unresolved issues, such as in-operando characterization, multiscale modelling, and controlled defect synthesis, providing a roadmap for utilizing atomic-scale disorder to develop next-generation functional materials.

To assess whether adding 5 minutes of slower, nutritive suction cycles to a standard 15-minute breast pump initiation program increases expressed milk volume during the first 4 days postpartum. Background : Early and effective colostrum removal is critical for breastfeeding success and neonatal health. Standard initiation suction patterns are primarily non-nutritive and may be suboptimal for colostrum extraction. This prospective pilot study was conducted at OLVG hospital in the Netherlands. Breastfeeding patients (n=40) who gave birth after 36weeks gestation with an infant aged ≤96-hour old and a clinical indication to express milk with a breast pump were recruited. Patients participated in one single 20-minute breast expression session using a hospital-grade electric breast pump with a 15 minute predominantly non-nutritive standard suction pattern followed by 5 minutes with a nutritive suction pattern. The primary outcome was the difference in the total expression volume after 20 min compared to 15 min of expression. Secondary outcomes were differences in expression volume by postpartum day, parity, mode of birth, and prior experience breastfeeding. The study found that the primary outcome total colostrum/milk expression volume after 20minutes was significantly improved compared to 15minutes of pumping (4.69ml vs 7.6ml, P <.001). With the additional 5 minutes yielding 36% of the total milk yield. This study suggests an improvement in milk expression volume driven by the implementation of 5 minutes of additional of nutritive breast pump suction cycles. This pilot study contributes to novel insights into milk removal dynamics in the first days after birth. Registered on clinical trials.gov NCT04619212. Date of registration: November 6, 2020.

The July 2024 Revolution in Bangladesh marked a critical political shift, resulting in the removal of a fascist regime. While this movement was hailed as a victory for democracy, its psychological toll on tertiary-level students-many of whom actively participated in protests or witnessed state repression-remains underexplored. This study investigates the mental health impact of the revolution, focusing on stress, trauma, and post-revolution anxiety among university students. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys (N = 500 students) and qualitative in-depth interviews (N = 30 students) from major universities across Bangladesh. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5) were used to assess mental health outcomes. Additionally, thematic analysis was conducted on interview data to identify key stressors and coping mechanisms. Findings reveal that 67% of students reported moderate to severe anxiety, 42% displayed PTSD symptoms, and 48% experienced depression. Key stressors included fear of government surveillance (59%), political disillusionment (46%), and academic uncertainty (72%). Qualitative analysis highlighted themes of political trauma, social fragmentation, and empowerment through activism. These results suggest that while the revolution fostered a sense of civic engagement, it also exacerbated mental health distress and long-term socio-political anxiety. The study underscores the need for institutional mental health interventions, academic recovery programs, and policy initiatives to mitigate the psychological consequences of political upheaval among students.

The study examines the simultaneous effect of leadership styles, teachers' professionalisation, and community participation on sustainable learning in Bangladesh's resource-constrained primary schools. Mixed-method design was used to collect data from 85 participants in 10 schools with representation of head teachers, class teachers, and community members. Quantitative analysis confirmed that teacher development, leadership, and community participation are reliable predictors of long-term achievement of students and account for 62% variation together. The strongest predictor was teacher professional development, and then followed by leadership, and lastly community involvement. The qualitative research validated the same and further added that effective schools have relational coherence in which visionary leadership enables teacher agency and engaged community fosters school accountability. The research establishes that sustainability in schools is a social and systemic construct and not just an outcome of resource dependency. Those schools with a common purpose, learning in collaborations, and trust relationship-oriented partnerships exhibited more resilience and student motivation despite limited resources. The research underscores the need to shift Bangladesh's education reform from input models to relationship models with an emphasis on empowering leadership, ongoing professional development, and partnership with the community. The article closes with to-the-point guidance to practice and policy, calling for a holistic strategy to contribute to stronger primary education systems in poor environments through contextually oriented and relational reform.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed industries by connecting devices to automate processes and generate data-driven insights. Despite these advancements, the proliferation of IoT devices has brought about critical security concerns. Many devices are deployed with insufficient safeguards, exposing them to potential cyber threats. The complexity of IoT networks, characterized by a wide range of device capabilities, communication protocols, and resource limitations, further compounds these vulnerabilities. This study introduces a comprehensive, multi-layered strategy to fortify IoT security, targeting vulnerabilities at the physical, network, application, and data levels. By employing measures such as encryption, secure communication protocols, access control mechanisms, and data integrity verification, this approach seeks to mitigate risks effectively. Additionally, the research investigates how cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and blockchain can bolster IoT security, fostering robust and adaptable systems capable of withstanding evolving threats.

Technologies for renewable energy have advanced significantly because of the increased demand for clean, sustainable energy. The application of compound materials (CMs) has surfaced as a potentially fruitful path for augmenting the efficacy and efficiency of energy production systems. This case study focuses on fuel cells, wind turbines, and solar cells while examining different methods for generating renewable energy using compound materials. It explores the compositions of materials, fabrication techniques, and methods for performance optimization. The study also looks at the difficulties in integrating and scaling these materials in real-world applications, including financial concerns, resource availability, environmental effects, and technological constraints. This paper provides an in-depth review of recent advancements and case studies, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of using compound materials in the field of renewable energy. The results highlight the necessity of ongoing study and creativity to get past current obstacles and realize these materials' full potential in the pursuit of global energy sustainability objectives.

Potato virus Y (PVY) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus in the Potyvirus genus (family Potyviridae). It is still one of the most important viral factors that limit potato production and is one of the main reasons why seed lots are downgraded or rejected in modern certification systems [1,2,3]. Over the last thirty years, the study of PVY epidemiology has changed from the traditional "ordinary" PVYo populations toward genetically complex recombinant lineages (e.g., PVYN-Wi, PVYNTNa, PVYN:O) that are often linked to tuber necrosis phenotypes and are harder to figure out using only old serological typing [1,2,3,4]. This change is happening because PVY has a strong ability to evolve. This is especially true in vegetatively propagated seed systems, where infection can build up over generations and recombinants can spread quickly once they are established [1,2,4]. Even though ELISA and RT-qPCR are still the most important tests for regulatory purposes, they are becoming harder to use because of the need for (i) higher analytical sensitivity in dormant tuber matrices, (ii) better differentiation of recombinant strain groups, and (iii) decentralized testing to speed up the time it takes to make a decision about seed lot certification. New nucleic acid platforms like RT-LAMP, RT-RPA, CRISPR-Cas assays, digital PCR, and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) are making it possible to achieve higher levels of sensitivity, portability, and sequence resolution [6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. At the same time, biosensor technologies like surface plasmon resonance, quartz crystal microbalance, electrochemical nano/graphene sensors, and aptamer-enabled devices are coming together with molecular recognition chemistry to make "sample-to-answer" formats that can be used in the field [13,14,15,16,17]. Adding these diagnostic outputs to precision agriculture tools like IoT dashboards, remote sensing, vector forecasting, and disease risk modeling can help contain problems sooner and make certification actions more defensible [18,19]. This review brings together information about PVY molecular evolution and recombination biology, focusing on what it means for seed certification in the U.S. It then looks at next-generation diagnostic methods through a translational lens, focusing on analytical performance, deployment feasibility, strain resolution, and standardization requirements. It also suggests an integrated surveillance framework that connects advanced detection to certification policy, agricultural biosecurity, and national food system resilience.