Pskov State University

Introduction. In the context of the rapid growth in the number of computer crimes committed annually, the issues of developing recommendations for their detection and investigation, as well as the study of specific trace information are of particular importance. Digital skills and habits deserve special attention. Before developing recommendations for working with them, it is necessary to determine their position in the system of criminalistics. This article is devoted to achieving this goal. Theoretical analysis. The opinions of various scientists on the issue of positioning the doctrine of skills and habits in the system of forensic science were considered. The author highlighted suggestions for its description as an individual forensic theory within the general theory of forensic science; consideration within the framework of the doctrine of man; allocation at the level of general theory and isolation as an independent branch of forensic technology. Empirical analysis. It is established that skills and habits are integral and universal in nature, inseparable from man, therefore, they should be studied within the framework of the doctrine of man. However, the latter has not yet acquired a consensus status in science, so considering skills and habits within its framework is a question of the prospects for the development of forensic science, while now it is optimal to limit ourselves to the branch of forensic technology. It is necessary to take into account that for digital skills and habits this is true only when considering their general provisions, the specificity of various skill properties is harmoniously part of digital forensics, which does not cause discussions. Results. Today, knowledge of digital skills and habits, rules for identifying information about them, recording, removing, storing and processing this information should be recognized as system-forming for subjects of forensic activity and should be assimilated in the process of professional education. They should be studied within the framework of the forensic technology section until the doctrine of man, which will include the doctrine of skills and habits (including digital ones), is finally formed.

The photosensitive dispersion of AgHal (mostly in the form of AgBr) was obtained during the reaction of alkali metal halides and silver salts in the presence of a protective colloid – gelatin. The analysis of the formation and growth of nano- and microcrystals of silver halides in a photoemulsion on a gelatin matrix is carried out.

Background. The domestic education system is undergoing reform. Some of the latest changes are related to the full return of educational work to schools and the emergence of a new independent subject, “Fundamentals of the Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia”. There are certain problems on the path to the full implementation of this program, related to the limited experience of teaching this discipline. These include problems with the motivation of students and teachers, problems with the content and substance of the subject, as well as the preparation of teachers to teach it. In this regard, we believe it is necessary to refer to the historical and pedagogical experience of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods, when issues related to the formation of students' worldviews were very effectively addressed on the basis of traditional spiritual and moral values, especially at turning points in the country's development. Purpose.The goal is to analyze the historical and pedagogical experience of spiritual and moral education of students in Russia in the history of domestic education. Materials and methods. The main research method is retrospective analysis. In addition, we used historical-structural and historical-genetic methods, which allowed us to identify the pedagogical traditions of spiritual and moral education of students in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods of Russia's development. The article is based on archival sources and includes references to regulatory acts and scientific research literature. Results. A new subject, “Fundamentals of the Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia,” has been introduced into Russian schools. Its aim is to give students an understanding of the fundamentals of the spiritual and moral culture of the peoples of Russia, the role and significance of traditional Russian religions, and secular ethics in the development of Russian culture and history. The introduction of this new subject was supported by a number of documents: Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation No. 809 of November 9, 2022, “On the Approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy for the Preservation and Strengthening of Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values”, and No. 314 of May 8, 2024, “On the Approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Field of Historical Education”. At the same time, a number of problems have emerged related to increasing the motivation of students and teachers for the new discipline, the content of its curriculum, and the readiness of teachers to teach it. These problems force us to turn to our national historical and pedagogical heritage for solutions. This heritage is particularly relevant given that our country has undergone an ideological shift over the past three decades. Given that both communist and liberal doctrines are variants of Western global ideologies that claim to be universal and universal, it is necessary to turn to our own civilizational uniqueness, which must be creatively rethought. Referring to the works of the prominent philosopher, theologian, and historian V.N. Trostnikov, we were able to ascertain that the core of any civilization is religious beliefs, which form the basis of both a people's self-identification and its views on the categories of good and evil, acceptable and unacceptable behavior, thus forming a system of legal consciousness embedded in culture. Due to this circumstance, in pre-revolutionary Russia, which was a vivid example of a traditional society, the Law of God was studied in all educational institutions without exception. Studying this subject, as well as participating in regular religious services, shaped the worldview of the younger generation. Certain provisions of this academic discipline's program concerning the ethics of human relations can be used today not only in classes on the Fundamentals of the Spiritual and Moral Culture of the Peoples of Russia, but also at parent-teacher conferences. In Soviet times, after a period of revolutionary changes aimed at a complete break with previous traditions, especially in the education of students, in the 1930s, on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, positive retro-innovative changes emerged in the teaching of literature and history, introducing students to the spirituality of our ancestors. This policy continued during the war years.When studying the topic of the Great Patriotic War, it is necessary to pay attention to its relevance in connection with the ongoing Special Military Operation, in which the feats of our soldiers reflect the military tradition of serving the Fatherland, which is historically one of our traditional spiritual and moral values, along with others. When introducing students to spiritual and moral culture, schools should take into account the principles of voluntariness and variability, with the mandatory participation of other entities in spiritual and moral education: families, public and religious organizations. In this regard, the relevance of this study is beyond doubt.

The article presents the results of a survey of 68 teachers aimed at assessing their digital competence, personal readiness to use adaptive neural network platforms in school lessons. The study covers four components of digital competence: motivational-value, cognitive, activity-practical and reflexive. Based on the scoring system, three levels of digital competence development in teachers (high, medium, low) are identified and the factors influencing their development are analyzed

The article discusses the problem of developing noosphere-aesthetic images among students of secondary vocational education (SVE); it reveals the possibilities and principles of using neural networks as means of activating this process, and proposes neural network technologies for visualizing and creating noosphere-aesthetic images. The article defines criteria (cognitive, emotional, and creative), methods, and research techniques, identifies and describes three levels of development of noosphere-aesthetic images, and proves the effectiveness of using neural network technologies.

Background. There is a debate in the literature about the presence of heavy metals, including toxic ones, in freshly built bee combs (tongues). At the same time, heavy metals in the wax-synthesizing glands of bees are involved in the synthesis of various forms of fatty acids. There are also no data in the literature on the coefficients of the transition of heavy metals from bee pollen and abdominal tissues of bees to wax during its synthesis in the wax-synthesizing glands and the content of various forms of fatty acids in freshly built bee combs (tongues) in territories with different ecological situations. Materials and Methods. The material for research was selected in the mountai­nous, foothill, and forest-steppe territories of the Carpathian region. The content of heavy metals in the selected material was determined, as well as the transition coefficients of heavy metals from bee pollen and bee abdomen tissues to wax during its synthesis in the wax-synthesizing glands of bees. Heavy metals in wax-synthesizing glands of bees are involved in the metabolic processes of fatty acids. In connection with the above, the content of non-esterified forms of fatty acids was determined in freshly built bee combs. The obtained research results were statistically processed. Results. It was established that the content of heavy metals in bee pollen, abdominal tissues of bees, and in freshly built bee combs increases in the direction from the mountain to the foothills and further to the forest-steppe territories of the Carpathian region. At the same time, the transition coefficients of heavy metals from bee pollen and the abdominal tissues of honey bees to bee combs are increasing in the above direction. At the same time, the content of non-esterified forms of fatty acids decreases in freshly built bee combs. Given that studies on the ecological state of the environment are being conducted worldwide, we propose using the content of heavy metals in newly constructed bee combs as an indicator. Conclusion. In the direction from the mountains to the foothills and further to the forest-steppe territories of the Carpathian region, the content of heavy metals in bee pollen, bee abdomen tissues, and in newly constructed bee combs increases. In the above direction, the transition coefficients of heavy metals from bee pollen and bee abdomen tissues to bee combs are increasing. The total content of non-esterified fatty acids in bee combs from the foothills, and especially from the forest-steppe area of the Carpathian region, is lower than in the combs from the mountain area. Additionally, in the above direction, the total content of non-esterified fatty acids, which exhibit antimicrobial activity, decreases. All over the world, the search for means of bioindication of the ecological state of the environment is underway. We found that freshly built bee combs can serve as bioindicators of the ecological state of the environment.

ABSTRACT This study deconstructs the trajectory of post-Soviet states’ integration into the EAEU by analyzing its institutional architecture, economic imperatives, and structural contradictions to elucidate the interplay between supranational aspirations and national sovereignty. The study employs a comparative institutional analysis, examining the divergence between legal codification and functional effectiveness; historical institutionalism, identifying cyclical recalibrations of integration trajectories in response to exogenous constraints; and mixed-method modelling, which integrates panel regression models—quantifying trade flexibilities and fiscal redistributions—with content analysis—deciphering inconsistencies in integration agreements and regulatory frameworks. The findings reveal systemic asymmetries: Russia accounts for 86% of the EAEU's GDP, dictating macroeconomic parameters, while Kazakhstan's export diversification—42% directed toward non-EAEU markets—signals centrifugal tendencies, illustrating the constraints of market unification (intra-bloc trade increased by 35.5% between 2015 and 2019 but declined to $77.3 billion in 2023, highlighting structural volatility). The study provides a foundation for restructuring Eurasian integration policy—addressing investment asymmetry (Russia's 80% dominance in intra-union FDI hampers balanced industrialization), enhancing regulatory coherence (discrepancies between national and EAEU trade policies sustain re-export arbitrage rather than structural convergence), and mitigating external dependence (China's growing economic gravitational pull—$22 billion in FDI to Kazakhstan—undermines EAEU cohesion).

The dielectric properties of nanocomposite materials obtained by dispersing Rochelle salt in porous dielectric matrices of zeolites, asbestos, and opals are studied. A nonmonotonic dependence of the Curie temperature on the size of ferroelectric nanoparticles is established.

The purpose of the paper is to assess the impact of the region’s economic potential on the standard of living and to develop tools to improve the efficiency of using the financial potential of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The object of the study is the regions of the Russian Federation, and the subject is their economic potential and standard of living. At the first stage, we considered the impact of the resource potential of the regions of the Central and Northwestern Federal Districts based on the use of correlation and regression analysis. Modeling has shown that for the regions of the Central and Northwestern Federal Districts, the most significant impact on the standard of living is provided by investment and innovation potentials. In addition, for the Central Federal District, production and labor potentials also have a significant impact, and for the Northwestern Federal District, the general economic potential, represented by the GRP indicator, is significant. In the second stage, we used the k-means method to cluster 85 regions based on the size of their resource potential and standard of living. The analysis showed that most regions have a standard of living that corresponds to and even exceeds the existing economic potential. This situation seems quite natural, since the standard of living in a region is determined not only by the potential of the territory, but also by the potential of the state as a whole. The assessment of the financial reserve available to the regions is based on the concept of fiscal space, which allows assessing the possibilities of mobilizing additional own and borrowed financial resources to address priority issues of the socio-economic development of the territory. The proposed typology of regions by standard of living and by the size of the fiscal space can be used as a tool for assessing the potential of the fiscal space of the region to address the current socio-economic problems of the territory.

In 1909-1915 and 1919, Aleksey Shakhmatov gave “Lectures on Russian Dialectology” to students – future historians of philology – at St. Petersburg University and spoke to them, among other things, about historical dialectology; these lectures were recorded and preserved by Professor Boris Larin. Boris Larin edited the saved recordings and prepared “Lectures on Russian Dialectology” by Aleksey Shakhmatov for printing in 1940; the manuscript had ended up at the publisher. But the war interfered, and after the war, nothing could be found. Therefore, in 1960 Boris Larin published an article based on the remaining materials, “Historical Philology of the Russian Language in the Course of Lectures by Academician Aleksey Shakhmatov and Our Modern Tasks”. In 1977 Professor Nikita Meshcherskiy tried to publish the prepared Shakhmatov’s work. And it succeeded no better. And only in 2010, disciples of Boris Larin, again having prepared the material, achieved the publication of a volume with lectures “Russian dialectology” by Aleksey Shakhmatov together with another important work of Aleksey Aleksandrovich – “The Most Ancient Destinies of the Tribe of Rus”, which had first been published in 1919 in the author’s edition. It is devotion of great scholars to science which will be discussed.