Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law

A moratorium denotes a temporary suspension of legal action against a corporate debtor till the resolution plan is accepted or rejected by the Adjudicating Authority. This ‘calm period’ suggested by the Bankruptcy Law Reforms Committee aligns with the objectives of the Code such as maximisation of value of assets, promote entrepreneurship, ensure availability of credit and balance the interest of all stakeholders while giving a chance to the debtor’s firm to survive as a going concern. Considering the existence of overlapping forums such as NCLT, NCDRC, RERA, DRT, RBI, SEBI and interests of diverse category of creditors like financial, operational, secured, unsecured and decree-holders, moratorium has facilitated uniform resolution. Additionally, it has given time to the corporate debtor and creditors to formulate a resolution plan and explore potential investment. While section 74 of the Code imposes punishment for contravention of moratorium, certain judicial interpretations have held its non-applicability on criminal proceedings, constitutional cases and on a personal guarantor to the corporate debtor. Whereas, the automatic application of moratorium under the Code makes it a stagnant feature leading to impediments in the smooth conduct of the insolvency resolution process. The cases pertaining to real estate particularly have been fraught with delays, jeopardizing the rights of homebuyers, obstruction for homebuyers in obtaining possession of the flat and inability of other homebuyers to initiate application under RERA and NCDRC. While application of moratorium in airline insolvencies such as the Go Air case has led to incapacity of lessors in obtaining repossession of aircrafts, inability to terminate lease agreements and use of CIRP as a tool to avoid litigation. Although, UK and Indian insolvency laws have similar objectives of providing a cooling period to the debtor to explore resolution options, the UK Corporate Insolvency and Governance Act, 2020 provides for implementation of a pre-insolvency and a restricted time moratorium before the start of formal insolvency proceeding which affords protection to the corporate debtor by allowing it to rehabilitate the company before the start of formal insolvency proceeding. Therefore, the authors with the help of doctrinal analysis will discuss the features of a moratorium under the CIRP and its effect on real estate and airline insolvencies. The thematic analysis of the paper would revolve around eight themes first, introduction. Second, effect of moratorium on corporate insolvency resolution process, third, conundrum surrounding applicability of moratorium in real estate insolvency, fourthly, impact of moratorium on lessor rights in airline insolvency, fifth, features of a detached moratorium under United Kingdom’s insolvency law, sixth, Comparative analysis of moratorium between India and UK, Seventh, a conclusion and eight, way forward for better implementation of moratorium for the benefit of all stakeholders.

This paper examines the complex intersection between customary law systems and women's rights in developing jurisdictions, with particular focus on African and Asian contexts where legal pluralism creates both opportunities and challenges for gender equality. Drawing from contemporary scholarship and recent legal developments, this study analyzes how traditional legal systems can be reformed to align with international human rights standards while respecting cultural integrity. The research employs a comparative analytical framework to examine constitutional reforms, judicial interventions, and legislative measures across multiple jurisdictions. Key findings reveal that successful integration of women's rights into customary law requires a balanced approach that recognizes customary law as "living law" capable of evolution, while implementing robust safeguards against discriminatory practices. The study identifies critical areas including property inheritance, marriage laws, and access to justice where tensions between customary practices and women's rights are most pronounced. Recommendations include comprehensive constitutional reforms that establish clear hierarchies between international human rights obligations and customary practices, enhanced judicial training on gender-sensitive interpretations of customary law, and community-based legal education programs. This research contributes to broader discourse on legal pluralism by demonstrating that effective protection of women's rights requires not the elimination of customary law, but its progressive development within constitutional frameworks that prioritize gender equality and human dignity.

Quantum computers generally need to operate under more regulated physical condition than classical computer because of quantum mechanics. Classical computer uses bits and quantum computer use qubits. According to IBM, “Groups of quits in superposition can create complex, multidimensional computational spaces” that enable more complex calculations. Quantum algorithms like Shor’s and Grover’s run significantly faster than various algorithms for classical computer. Quantum entanglement offers fascinating opportunities for enhancing AI algorithms through improved computational efficiency. But practical implementation remains challenging due to technical limitations and the need for further research in the field of quantum machine learning. This article provides a brief overview of different quantum computing methods.

This chapter establishes the strategic relations between India and Bangladesh with more emphasis on history, cultural, geographical, and political pertinent factors. India-Bangladesh relations are based on mutual history and cultural similarities, but several times have witnessed cooperation in different fields along with conflict like water, border, and political changes. It analyses major events that include the liberation war, post-liberation diplomacy, water issues such as the Ganges and Teesta River Water Agreement, and the current Rohingya issue. Besides, it analyses the impact of domestic politics in Bangladesh and geopolitical concerns arising from the increasing Chinese interest in this country. In applying the mutual cooperation and shared interest proposition, the study holds that power relations have had a rather profound impact on their bilateral relations as new internal and external dynamics will unfold their relations in the future. A proper comprehension of this relationship remains central to the geopolitical stability and South Asian development.

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in the economic growth of the nation. Indigenous entrepreneurship is gaining importance due to its inclusive growth and development in India. Cultural, social, and economic contexts frequently present unique difficulties for entrepreneurs starting and maintaining their businesses. The present study has reviewed barriers that indigenous entrepreneurs face in their journey. In this research, the barriers that obstruct the sustainable growth and development of indigenous entrepreneurs are explored and a contextual relationship among them is established using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis. The study determines eight factors that act as barriers to sustainable growth and development of indigenous entrepreneurship. Understanding these barriers will help policymakers, stakeholders, and indigenous communities create focused strategies to aid and empower indigenous entrepreneurs in their quest for sustainable growth and development.

Outer space is an expansive domain that is majorly unexplored and uncertain. Gagrian and Armstrong have ushered an era of humans interacting with space. The space activities are always appended with certain degrees of risk and damage, whether it’s a case of placement of space modules, extraction of resources from moon or launch of space objects. The space agencies may resort to autonomous technologies without leaving them unguarded as a possible solution to hurdles faced by space industry. To reduce fallacies and errors, the space programmers are effectively absorbing the Artificial Intelligence techniques and methods into the system. The symbiotic interaction between humans and machines give rise to various legal and ethical implications including liability issues and privacy infringements. Not to forget the untraveled trails of missions to mars and moon are now easily trodden by rovers and robots driven by artificial intelligence. The paper makes a modest attempt to explain how the technology must be deployed to make for an optimum use, keeping in mind the sustainable measures. The technologies evolving over a period of time must aim towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal. A discussion on artificial intelligence and its interaction with outer space requires legal comprehension on issues that may arise over a period of time. The paper emphasis on retaining the fundamental foundation of fairness and accountability in the times of technological advancements.