Riga Graduate School of Law

Introduction: the objective of this study was to study the epidemiological aspects, risk factors and maternal-fetal prognosis of uterine rupture in the Gynecology-Obstetrics Unit of the CSRéf of Bougouni Methodology: We carried out a case-control study from January 1 to December 31, 2019 in the Gynecology-Obstetrics Unit of the Bougouni Reference Health Center. All patients treated in the uterine rupture department were included and two controls (delivery without rupture) for one case (uterine rupture). The data were entered and analyzed on SPSS version 21 software. The significance threshold has been set at 5%. The association between 2 qualitative variables was studied by the Chi². Results: At the end of our study, we had recorded 43 cases of uterine rupture out of a total of 1161 deliveries, i.e. a frequency of 3.7%. The average age of the cases: 30.77 ± 2 years with extremes of 18 and 40 years compared to 26.01 ± 1 years for controls with extremes of 14 and 42 years. Ninety-five percent of our patients for the cases were out of school compared to 86% for the controls, 97% were housewives compared to 82% for the controls. Risk factors were dominated: caesarean section scar (p=0.038); OR=2.99, non-follow-up of pregnancy (p=0.002) and residence in a rural area (p=0.000) and intergenerational interval ≤ 2 years (Chi-square = 9.1735; p = 0.002). The maternal-fetal prognosis is reserved with 1 case of maternal death (2.3%) and 28 cases of perinatal death (65.1%). Keywords: Uterine rupture, Risk factors, maternal-fetal prognosis, case-control study.

Abstract The judgment of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Latvia in Boom Conveyor provides an interpretation of Articles 38 and 39 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). As there have not been many cases in Latvia in which the Supreme Court applies the CISG, this judgment offers a rather rare chance to analyse how Latvia’s Supreme Court interprets and applies the Convention. This article provides an analysis of the Court’s judgment and concludes that, unfortunately, the Court misinterpreted the CISG and missed a good chance to establish a sound practice in the interpretation of the CISG in Latvia.

Statistics on overall satisfaction with work-life balance show an EU average of 79%. This figure is higher than average in more than half of the EU countries, including Estonia and Lithuania. In Latvia, this indicator is only 73%, thus Latvia is in the 6th place from the end among the EU countries, which confirms the need to find solutions to support a worklife balance. Objective of the paper is to characterise a work-life balance from theoretical aspect and to provide an assessment of influencing factors among students population to develop research-based conclusions and suggestions. Research hypothesis: the students' assessment of the work-life balance differs according to gender and level of study program. Methods used in the research: monographic method, statistical data analysis method (Spearman correlation test), mathematical methods (comparison, calculation of weighted averages), sociological research method (survey), graphical method of interpretation (collection of statistical data, visualization of survey data). The theoretical part is based on the research carried out and the concepts provided in various sources. The practical part consists of the analysis of the results obtained in the students� survey on the assessment of work-life balance and its influencing factors. Time-management skills were the lowest rated factor influencing work-life balance, however, they will continue to be vital in the face of rapid globalization, changes in labour market and lifelong learning. For students entering the labour market now or in the nearest future, it is crucial to develop their time-management abilities to acquire new skills and competences in accordance with the requirements of the labour market.

Recognizing the potential of Single-Crystal Electron Diffraction (SC-ED), also known as 3DED and MicroED, Rigaku and JEOL announced a collaboration in 2020 to develop an instrument designed in a fashion that will make it easy for any crystallographer to use. The resulting instrument, the XtaLAB Synergy-ED Many materials only form nanosized crystals or are challenging to produce in large quantities. Before the development of the SC-ED technique, synthetic chemists were forced to rely on other methods, such as NMR, often in combination with each other, to postulate 3D structure. Unfortunately, for complicated molecules such as natural products, the NMR results can be challenging to interpret. SC-ED has become a revolutionary technique for the advancement of structural science. The XtaLAB Synergy-ED is an electron diffractometer operated via CrysAlisPro for a seamless workflow from data collection to structure determination of three-dimensional molecular structures from nanocrystals.

3D electron diffraction (3D ED)/Micro electron diffraction (MicroED) has extended the limits of crystallography by enabling the determination of three dimensional molecular structures from sub-μm microcrystals. However, 3D ED/microED measurements using current state-of-the-art electron microscopes require experts in both electron microscopy and crystallography making the method rather difficult for researchers who simply need structures. Here, we present a diffractometer specifically designed for 3D ED/microED and show how it works for determining crystal structures. The newly developed electron diffractometer will provide many researchers with an easy path to structure determination of crystals that are less than 1 μm in size.

Extinctive prescription is a universally recognized mechanism to terminate obligations. However, every legal system must determine whether the extinctive prescription functions automatically (ipso iure) or does it grant a debtor a right to refuse the performance of prescribed obligations. The author argues that in Latvia the extinctive prescription must be functioning as an objection that the debtor may make to refuse the performance of an obligation. This necessarily implies that a court cannot raise the extinctive prescription unless it is invoked by the debtor.

The possibility to achieve successful resocialization of former prisoners back into society is an ongoing public debate, making it challenging for policymakers to implement prisoner rehabilitation programs capable of maintaining the public safety while allocating public funds in the most efficient way. The main aim of this study is to examine what is necessary for an investment in prison system development to be justified. The hypothesis of this study suggests that such investment can be cost-effective by reducing crime and recidivism rates in the long term by ensuring proper rehabilitation of prisoners. Accordingly, this research compares various European countries regarding their imprisonment standards and costs in order to conclude which countries operate in the most effective way and what is crucial to obtain a decrease in the reoffending rates. The key results suggest that it is possible to find a correlation between such variables as the imprisonment costs, incarceration rates and the recidivism rates. It is possible to draw parallels between the amount of money countries spend on one prisoner a year and the recidivism rates of such countries, suggesting that the reoffending rates can be reduced by increasing the amount of resources allocated for the improvement of prisoner’s lives. Furthermore, such an investment should not only take the form of establishment of a proper environment for successful rehabilitation – prisoners should be provided with education and work possibilities to prepare them for life outside the prison walls. Moreover, the study highlights the need for post-release support mechanisms capable of re-integrating former convicts back into society, since such mechanisms could reduce the likelihood of re-offending.

On the 25th of October 2017, the CJEU rendered a ruling in the Polbud case. The ruling shows that the CJEU is determined to embrace a further liberalization of the free movement of companies in the internal market. The Court’s confidence and no-compromise approach brings with it a number of effects. First of all, the Court has detached the transfer of the registered office from the traditional notion of establishment. The registered office can be relocated by ‘will alone’, irrespective of whether it is justified by the actual conduct of business or the company’s structure. Secondly, the author discusses in detail the fate of the real seat in the light of the Polbud judgment. After the Polbud ruling, the real seat has lost most of its functionality that had already been diminished by the Court’s earlier case law. Now a company incorporated in a real seat jurisdiction can easily ‘contract out’ by performing a cross-border conversion. Hence, the real seat mainly preserves its role as a precondition for incorporation. Finally, the ruling underlines more than ever that the CJEU focuses on the protection of the private interests of companies by allowing them to choose a favourable legal order. Economic interests of the Member States are of lesser importance under the Court’s approach.

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