Russian Customs Academy

The purpose of the study is to scientifically substantiate the effectiveness of elective physical education programs of various orientations in developing professionally significant qualities in future customs specialists. Research methods and organization. The following research methods were employed: theoretical analysis and synthesis of literary sources, a rapid test by L.G. Apanasenko, a pedagogical experiment, and mathematical-statistical processing of the obtained results. The study was conducted at the St. Petersburg branch of the Russian Customs Academy. Research results and conclusions. The data from the experiment on the implementation of elective physical education programs with various focuses demonstrated their effectiveness. The assessment of the functional health level of students who regularly engage in physical activities showed an increase in indicators and an overall improvement in health according to L.G. Apanasenko’s express test. Additionally, good attendance in the APE (Adapted Physical Education) and applied physical education groups, as well as the overall increase in the size of applied physical education groups, indirectly confirms the rise in motivation levels and a change in attitudes toward the value of physical education in their professional activities.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains one of the most significant public health problems, and its incidence rate is steadily increasing worldwide despite scientific and technological progress in the field of medicine. The focus of research in this area is gradually shifting from classic risk factors-such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle and genetic predisposition-toward additional, potentially modifiable contributors such as micronutrient imbalances; among them are disturbances in zinc homeostasis that may influence glucose metabolism and oxidative stress. This systematic review with narrative synthesis aims to examine the bidirectional relationship between zinc status and T2DM and to evaluate whether zinc screening and personalized nutritional support could contribute to comprehensive metabolic management. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database and the Cochrane library for studies published between 2010 and 2024. Studies assessing zinc status or supplementation in relation to the risk, progression, or management of T2DM were included. Data were synthesized narratively, focusing on clinical and mechanistic evidence. Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence indicates that zinc imbalance (both deficiency and excess) is associated with T2DM risk and outcomes. Zinc deficiency may impair insulin synthesis and signaling, promote oxidative stress and inflammation, while excessive zinc intake may induce metabolic disturbances. T2DM itself may lead to reduced zinc status via altered absorption and increased excretion. While some studies suggest modest improvements in glycemic or lipid parameters following zinc supplementation, findings remain inconsistent and context-dependent. The prevalence of suboptimal zinc status in certain populations supports the rationale for targeted screening rather than routine supplementation. Zinc is mechanistically involved in insulin synthesis, antioxidant defense, and inflammation control, but current clinical evidence does not justify its use as a therapeutic agent in T2DM. Instead, assessment of zinc status and individualized correction of deficiency may represent a component of personalized nutritional support, particularly for patients with long disease duration, poor dietary quality, or genetic predispositions affecting zinc metabolism.

This article considers the problem of optimal individual control of the rotor blade during helicopter main rotor spin-up in wind conditions. The movement of the blade during the main rotor spin-up can be described using a system of differential equations that takes into consideration its combined bending and torsional vibrations. However, performing calculations for such detailed model requires significant computational resources and time, which complicates the practical solution of the optimization problem. Therefore, the mathematical model of combined bending–torsional vibrations of the rotor blade is approximated by an artificial neural network, and using this approximation a search for the optimal control is carried out by the nonlinear programming method. This paper provides the results of a numerical experiment that confirms the applicability of the chosen approach to the problem’s solution.

The subject of this article is a set of regulatory legal acts regulating the processes of creating and implementing a single window mechanism in foreign economic activity. The purpose of the article is to consider the above-mentioned totality, grouping existing documents by levels of their creation and operation into international, supranational and national ones. The article is written using such methods as theoretical analysis, systematization, classification, generalization and comparative analysis. As a result, an analysis of regulatory legal acts of various levels was carried out in terms of regulating the processes of implementing and using the single Window mechanism, as well as information on the availability of regulatory legal, technological, organizational and methodological support for these processes. These results will help to identify the processes of implementation and operation of the mechanism, which are currently unregulated or regulation of which needs some changes in order to improve the efficiency of these processes. The results obtained make it possible to identify the most general further directions for the development of the “single window” mechanism in foreign economic activity, the effectiveness of which depends on the adequacy of the regulatory framework, its consistency and relevance. This article will help to structure and summarize the currently available regulations that ensure the implementation and use of the “single window” mechanism.

The article examines key current and prospective directions in the development of international trade within the context of the transition to a “green economy.” An analysis of the current state of this transition reveals that, despite a substantial body of research and theoretical work, two key issues remain unresolved. First, it is still unclear which products should be classified as “eco-friendly goods,” which form the basis of “green” trade. Second, no effective measures have yet been implemented to establish rules or frameworks for regulating international trade during the transition to a green economy. The author posits that categorizing products from an ecological perspective is necessary for more effective regulation of international trade under contemporary conditions. The Harmonized System of Description and Coding of Goods is presented as the most universal and effective tool for regulating of international trade. The study aims to develop proposals and recommendations for improving foreign trade regulation amid the shift to a green economy, illustrated through the modernization of the Harmonized System of Description and Coding of Goods. Practical suggestions are offered for integrating key principles of the green economy into customs activities. The article’s conclusions have theoretical significance in that they propose a general approach to revising of the Harmonized System strategically. They also hold practical value by offering recommendations for incorporating relevant terms and definitions into the Harmonized System of Description and Coding of Goods and other international trade documents.

The article presents the results of identification of identical samples of canned fish of Russian and imported production from tuna, on the label of which there is the word "natural". The aim of the study was to identify canned fish from tuna, sold in the territory of the Moscow region, and to analyze their compliance with the name "natural canned fish". It was established that the domestic sample does not correspond to this name. The actual fish content allows classifying the product as canned fish; the word "natural" (in the singular and plural) refers not to the type of canned food, but to tuna; there are deviations of the actual results from the information indicated on the label. It was determined that the net weight slightly exceeds that declared on the label: for the domestic sample – by 1.1%, for the imported sample – by 1.9%. It was found that the mass fractions of protein and fat in the samples under study exceeded the values stated on the label several times. The actual mass fraction of table salt in the imported sample exceeded the value stated on the label 2.5 times. Thus, the imported sample can be conditionally classified as natural canned fish, but significant discrepancies were found during the assessment of its quality. It was found that the hierarchy and consistency of the definition of terms in the technical regulations for fish products were violated, which could negatively affect the process of identifying this type of fish product. In order to provide Russian consumers with high-quality natural canned fish and to exclude counterfeiting, there is an objective need to tighten control over the information placed on the product label.

The philosophical and legal analysis of sovereignty, appealing to the categories and laws of dialectics, is able to scientifically substantiate a balance between national self-determination and the need for international cooperation and contribute not only to the theoretical understanding of this phenomenon, but also to the development of practical recommendations for resolving current problems of modern states in the objective demands of the time. From the standpoint of the dialectical method of cognition of the phenomenon of state sovereignty, conclusions are substantiated about its attributability to the state; about the possession of unity and opposition — independence and autonomy (absolute power and control over affairs without external interference) and external threats that cause the struggle to preserve and protect sovereignty, as well as the search for compromises with other states; about the transition of quantitative changes in sovereignty into qualitative ones — territorial, national, confessional and other quantitative accumulations within sovereignty form its new qualities and essence; on the incompleteness of understanding sovereignty without understanding the role of the law of negation of negation for understanding its evolution — each new form of sovereignty not only cancels the previous one, but also includes it in itself, enriching and modifying it. Thus, the imposition of certain conditions and restrictions on the state as a result of pressure leads to a violation of its sovereignty (first negation), however, in response to these restrictions and threats, the state takes measures to restore its independence and autonomy through elections, impeachment, denunciation of international treaties, strengthening defense capability and other possible means (second negation). Understanding the moments of sovereignty passing through the stages of its negation allows us to see the legal, social, cultural, economic and other aspects that affect sovereignty, its formation and development.

One way to use spent coffee grounds in restaurants and cafes is to develop recipes for cookies, muffins, and biscuits that include them. These products have a grainy structure. This article presents the results of using spent coffee grounds after two brewing cycles to reduce the pronounced graininess of butter cookies and the effect on the quality and antioxidant properties. Spent coffee grounds were obtained after the first (SCG1) and second (SCG2) brewing cycles in a capsule coffee machine, using Robusta coffee, Vietnam, medium roast (7 g per 100 ml of water), after which the spent coffee grounds were dried to a layer thickness of 0.5–0.7 cm using the convective method at a temperature of +60 °C. Dry spent coffee grounds were further ground into powder using an electric coffee grinder and added in quantities of 5; 10; 15% to the recipe for butter cookies. After the second brewing, SCG2 increased its bulk density, water- holding capacity, and oil-holding capacity, while its biologically active compound content and antioxidant activity decreased slightly. Cookie quality parameters depended on the amount and type of SCG. Increasing the amount of SCG did not affect cookie thickness or diameter, but they became darker and crumblier, containing TPC and TFC of 74.5–157.4 and 33.0–79.8 mg/100 g, respectively, exceeding the control by 3.5 times or more. Compared to SCG1, cookies with SCG2 were lighter and crumblier, with a slightly noticeable graininess. Cookies with 15% SCG had the highest antioxidant activity, while sensory acceptance revealed that cookie formulations with 5 and 10% SCG1 and SCG2 were more accepted by the panellists.

The importance of small business development in Russia is ambiguous.Some experts consider it underestimated, others -hypertrophied.These issues are considered in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of employment in small business.In terms of the sectoral structure, employment in small businesses is more consistent with the post-industrial model than in large and medium-sized enterprises.The high level of Russian employment is provided mainly due to its development.But the statement about the significant effectiveness of small businesses is not confirmed.Moreover, both in Russia and abroad, the task of new industrialization is being actualized, which is not consistent with the postindustrial model and the expansion of small business.Therefore, the prospects for its development are associated with the strengthening of cooperation with large and medium-sized enterprises both within Russia and at the intercountry level.