Sage Colleges

During the first decade of the nineteenth century, British warships cruised off New York Harbor, Sandy Hook, and Monmouth County seizing cargoes, ships, and impressing seamen. British naval officers did not discriminate between a seaman born in Ireland or an American born in Newark. Impressment angered Americans, including the people of New Jersey, as a violation of American sovereignty and national honor. In June 1807, the British attacked the American warship Chesapeake. Briefly, the British united Federalists and Republicans in a show of national unity and condemnation of the British. Residents met in unity meetings in places such as Orange, Trenton, Newark, Morristown, and Elizabeth. Fourth of July celebrations allowed citizens to express their anger at the British. Militia companies came forward, passed anti-British resolutions, and offered to serve if war declared.

![Figure][1]</img> Cette année marque le dixième anniversaire de la publication du rapport final de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada, qui comprend 94 appels à l’action1. Si nous avons eu 10 ans pour y donner suite, cela fait en réalité bien plus longtemps que nous

BackgroundChildren born to women with HIV but who do not become HIV infected experience increased morbidity and mortality compared with children born to women without HIV. The basis of this increased vulnerability is unknown. The microbiome, specifically the infant gut microbiome, likely plays an important role in infant immune development. The human milk microbiome is thought to have an important role in the development of the infant gut and therefore, if perturbed, may contribute to this increased vulnerability. We investigated the effects of HIV and its therapies on the milk microbiome and possible changes in the milk microbiome before or after infant HIV infection.ResultsSeven-hundred fifty-six human milk samples were selected from three separate studies conducted over a 15-year period to investigate the role of HIV and its therapies on the human milk microbiome. Our data reveal that the milk microbiome is modulated by parity (R2 = 0.006, p = 0.041), region/country (R2 = 0.014, p = 0.007), and duration of lactation (R2 = 0.027–0.038, all p < 0.001). There is no evidence, however, using 16S rRNA V4 amplicon sequencing, that the human milk microbiome is altered by HIV infection (R2 = 0.003, p = 0.896), by combination antiretroviral therapy (R2 = 0.0009, p = 0.909), by advanced maternal disease (R2 = 0.003, p = 0.263), or in cases of infant infection either through isolated early mucosal (R2 = 0.003, p = 0.197) or early mucosal and breast milk transmission (R2 = 0.002, p = 0.587).ConclusionsThe milk microbiome varies by stage of lactation, by parity, and by region; however, we found no evidence that the human milk microbiome is altered by maternal HIV infection, disease severity, or antiretroviral therapy. Additionally, we found no association between the milk microbiome and transmission of HIV to the infant. Investigations including higher resolution microbiome approaches or into other potential mechanisms to understand why the approximately one million children born annually to women with HIV escape infection, but do not escape harm, are urgently needed.Video Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40168-024-01843-8.

Abstract BackgroundBlood‐based biomarkers have the unique potential to make diagnoses along the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) continuum. The value of these plasma‐based biomarkers in AD among different race and ethnicity, sex, and genetic status groups needs to be evaluated.MethodThe study included 603 participants of the Washington Heights Inwood Columbia Aging Project, a community‐based cohort study. We measured six AD biomarkers, including phosphorylated Tau‐181 (PTau181), total Tau, Amyloid Beta (Aβ) 40, Aβ42, Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP), and Neurofilament Light Chain (NfL). We compared the biomarker levels among 95 individuals clinically diagnosed with AD, 167 individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and 341 cognitively unimpaired individuals using linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, years of education, APOE ɛ4 status, and sample storage time. We further examined whether the association between biomarkers and clinical diagnosis differed by racial and ethnic groups, sex, and APOE ɛ4 status.ResultThe participants were on average 80.23 (SD = 6.77) years old. Participants self‐identified as non‐Hispanic White (24.03%), non‐Hispanic Black (24.70%), or Hispanic (51.21%), with 414 women (68.66%). AD participants had elevated total tau levels (β = 0.303, p = 0.029), NfL (β = 0.472, p &lt;0.001), and GFAP (β = 0.467, p &lt; 0.001) compared to cognitively unimpaired participants. Individuals with MCI also had higher levels of total tau (β = 0.258, p = 0.016), NfL (β = 0.234, p = 0.035), and GFAP (β = 0.248, p = 0.02) than controls. Stratified analyses showed that men with MCI had higher NfL levels than cognitively unimpaired individuals (β = 0.123, p = 0.008). In women, there were no observable differences in NfL levels between individuals with MCI and controls (β = 0.014, p = 0.669). Among APOE e4 carriers, individuals with MCI had higher levels of NfL than unimpaired controls (β = 0.157, p = 0.006). This was not observed in APOE e4 non‐carriers (β = 0.025, p = 0.397).ConclusionConsistent with the literature, we found plasma AD biomarkers including total tau, NfL, and GFAP were higher in MCI and AD compared with cognitively unimpaired individuals. Among men and APOE e4 carriers, we found higher NfL levels in MCI individuals than in cognitively unimpaired individuals.

1. Mark Adelson 1. is the editor of The Journal of Structured Finance at Pageant Media in New York, NY. (m.adelson{at}pageantmedia.com) <!-- --> 1. To order reprints of this article, please contact David Rowe at d.rowe{at}pageantmedia.com or 646-891-2157. TOPICS: [Asset-backed securities

Purpose: To determine the physical activity (PA) level, knowledge of guidelines, and attitudes and role perceptions about promotion of PA in Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students. Methods: In this cross-sectional design study, convenience sampling was used to recruit DPT students (n = 87, 24.6 ± 4.4 y). Each participant completed a survey that included as follows: International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), knowledge, attitudes, and role modeling about PA. A subset (n = 15) used Fitbit to record PA over a 7-day period. Data were converted to metabolic equivalent (METS)/min/min to categorize participants into low/moderate/vigorous PA levels. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were conducted (P &lt; .05). Results: On the IPAQ, 48%, 40%, and 12% participants reported a high, moderate, and low level of PA, respectively, and 62% participants met the guidelines. An agreement was noted between IPAQ and Fitbit data for meeting PA guidelines (P = .005). Respondents (61%) reported correct knowledge of PA guidelines and agreed/strongly agreed to the 7 questions (56%–86%) about the role of physical therapists in promoting PA. Conclusions: Based on our sample, most DPT students engage in and have knowledge of the recommended levels of PA, and value their role to give patients advice about PA.