Schlumberger (Germany)

Abstract Once highlighted for having significant shale gas resource potential, the Bowland Basin has been at the centre of both scientific and political controversy over the last decade. Previous shale gas resource estimates range from 10 3 to 10 1 TCF. Repeated events of induced seismicity following hydraulic fracturing operations led to an indefinite government moratorium and abandonment of operations across the mainland UK. We use apatite fission-track analyses to investigate the magnitude and timing of post-Triassic uplift and exhumation. Results indicate that maximum palaeotemperatures of 90–100°C were reached in the stratigraphically younger Sherwood Sandstone. We combine palaeotemperature predictions to constrain palaeo heat flow and erosion in regional basin models for the first time. Our results indicate variable maximum Late Cretaceous palaeo heat flow values of 62.5–80 mW m −2 and the removal of 800–1500 m of post-Triassic strata at wells across the basin. Regional 2D basin modelling indicates a gas-in-place estimate of 131 ± 64 TCF for the Bowland Shale. This reduces to a resource potential of 13.1 ± 6.4 TCF, assuming a recovery factor of 10%. These values are significantly lower than previous resource estimates and reflect the highly complex nature of the Bowland Basin and relatively unknown history of post-Triassic uplift, exhumation and erosion.

Abstract In this section we will use remote sensing data to extract structural, depositional and erosional features from digital relief models and satellite imagery, jointly interpret them using the concept of geomorphology with goal of building geologic models to explain the geological setting of the study area. This process benefits from including existing information by other experts familiar with the target area and with the processes that shaped the geologic setting. Therefore, we have provided references related to the geologic processes on a global and regional scale, historic studies that provided insights into the geological setting and maps that can be used to correlate and calibrate the interpretation obtained from the remote sensing data.KeywordsStructural mapping: fold, anticline, fault, thrust, compressional tectonics, transpressional tectonics, structural front, incised valley, fluvial erosion, dendritic drainage system, vegetationMapping arctic depositional and erosional features: digital elevation model at high latitude, ArcticDEM, GMTED2010, moraines, ground moraines, terminal moraines, glacier terminus, floodplainMapping hot arid desert depositional and erosional features: lithology mapping, mesa, plateau, canyon, fault-guided erosion, surface gradient, multi-spectral co-rendering

Abstract The joint processing, evaluation and interpretation aims at integrating the information otherwise obtained in separate processes. Geologic features at the earth surface leave their imprint on remote sensing data in various ways. We will study multi-band RGB images from two or more spectral images. For two band combinations band difference and band ratio images will be studied. The multi-band processing of three or more spectral bands merges the intensity images of different spectral bands into one multi-color image that renders the impact of the earth surface electromagnetic properties in an integrated way. Amplitude inversion of single or multi-band images may highlight different features than the original image. Pansharpening of multi-band images with high-resolution panchromatic images is studied for both, benefits and limitations. For all aspects, applications in onshore and offshore settings as well as across different climate zones are studied.KeywordsMulti-band composite imagePansharpeningBand differenceBand ratioBand inversion

Assisted interpretation via calibration of models that use machine learning (ML) concepts, through the application of the convolutional neural network (CNN) technique, can significantly reduce the time spent by interpreters with faults/fractures interpretation in seismic data. The fact that model training in the method used requires relatively few labeled data is a major advantage and allows for a clear reduction of time in the interpretation step, mitigating interpreter bias. Furthermore, training of such models in a cloud environment ensures the necessary resources that might, otherwise, lack locally for testing, leading to excessive time spent in this training step. Still, training the model requires care in the labeling of the seismic data, keeping the consistency in the interpretation process. Eventually, the calibration process may require several trained models even for the same seismic data, which can be trained with labeled data interpreted at certain depths or characterized by different structural styles within the same exploratory area. Using this approach, we consider that the time reduction allowed us to finish the fault interpretation phase in 2 weeks, which, otherwise, would take approximately 1-2 months.

The Exmouth Sub-basin forms part of the intra-cratonic rift system of the Northern Carnarvon Basin, Australia. It has undergone a complex tectonic history with multiple phases of uplift, erosion, i...

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Abstract Our study presents a basin‐scale 3‐D modeling solution, quantifying and exploring gas hydrate accumulations in the marine environment around the Green Canyon (GC955) area, Gulf of Mexico. It is the first modeling study that considers the full complexity of gas hydrate formation in a natural geological system. Overall, it comprises a comprehensive basin reconstruction, accounting for depositional and transient thermal history of the basin, source rock maturation, petroleum components generation, expulsion and migration, salt tectonics, and associated multistage fault development. The resulting 3‐D gas hydrate distribution in the Green Canyon area is consistent with independent borehole observations. An important mechanism identified in this study and leading to high gas hydrate saturation (&gt;80 vol %) at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) is the recycling of gas hydrate and free gas enhanced by high Neogene sedimentation rates in the region. Our model predicts the rapid development of secondary intrasalt minibasins situated on top of the allochthonous salt deposits which leads to significant sediment subsidence and an ensuing dislocation of the lower GHSZ boundary. Consequently, large amounts of gas hydrates located in the deepest parts of the basin dissociate and the released free methane gas migrates upward to recharge the GHSZ. In total, we have predicted the gas hydrate budget for the Green Canyon area that amounts to ∼3256 Mt of gas hydrate, which is equivalent to ∼340 Mt of carbon (∼7 × 1011 m3 of CH4 at STP conditions), and consists mostly of biogenic hydrates.

As geometrical dimensions of semiconductor devices decrease, the need to introduce Cu processes into the fabrication cycle becomes increasingly important as a means of maintaining line resistances and circuit time constants. However, the success of implementing such as fabrication process is dependent on the ability to characterize it through quantitative means, such as Overlay metrology. In this paper we examine the overlay measurement results which have been obtained on a Cu based CMOS process at the 0.12 (Mu) m technology node. Overlay measurements were taken over a wide range of process conditions, and included wafers exhibiting extreme image contrast reversal, grainy conditions and low contrast. These factors have traditionally led to a decreased ability to make repeatable measurements, if the measurements could be made at all. Our results cover the important metrics of overlay metrology, and include precision, recipe portability, and measurement success rates. The results suggest that the overlay metrology issues encountered with such leading edge processes need not pose intractable barriers to obtaining reliable overlay metrology data.

ABSTRACT This paper describes the design, execution and interpretation of a pair of distributed pressure interference tests in a North Sea Reservoir. The tests were performed in two new development wells which were located some 1500 feet from an existing producer. The results of the tests were interpreted by numerical simulation and have yielded an improved description of the vertical and horizontal transmissibilities of individual layers, and an improved understsanding of the significance of faulting in the region around the wells.