Sichuan Normal University

High participant burden in intensive longitudinal studies (ILS) often reduces data quality and quantity. Planned measurement missing designs (MMD) can alleviate this burden by lowering data collection frequency or duration while maintaining efficiency. This study proposed and evaluated the complete duration MMD (CD-MMD) and the reduced duration MMD (RD-MMD) within the dynamic structural equation modeling framework using Monte Carlo simulations. CD-MMD performed better for long-term cyclical processes, while RD-MMD was more efficient under stationary or short-cycle conditions. Both designs achieved satisfactory power and accuracy when appropriately implemented, offering flexible and practical options for ILS.

Gluten proteins are key components in wheat flour that determine the formation of dough and the quality of flour-based products. Upon hydration and mixing, gluten proteins undergo complex structural transformations to form a gluten network, exhibiting a hierarchical multi-scale structure spanning molecular, aggregate, and network scales. Due to the extreme complexity of gluten proteins, accurately characterizing their multi-scale structures remains challenging, requiring the combined application of multiple techniques, which are still relatively limited and thus warrant further exploration. Therefore, this review presents the principles, operational details, and result presentations of current techniques at different structural scales, including electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, proteomics, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy at the molecular scale; size-exclusion chromatography, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation, dynamic light scattering, multi-angle light scattering, differential refractive index, and ultraviolet absorbance at the aggregate scale; and confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, and two-photon excitation microscopy at the network scale, among others. It further compares the advantages and disadvantages of similar techniques, facilitating their scenario-based selective utilization. Finally, it outlines the ongoing challenges and future perspectives for the development and application of techniques for the multi-scale structural characterization of gluten proteins.

Climate-related disasters such as flash floods pose severe threats to rural communities, making effective adaptation strategies essential for reducing risks and strengthening resilience. Disaster insurance, as an important climate policy instrument, can mitigate economic losses. However, a gap remains between their willingness to buy and actual purchase of disaster insurance. In this study, a research framework integrating partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), probit regression, and mediation analysis was employed to explore the factors influencing farmers’ disaster insurance purchase behavior (DIPB) in the Longmen Mountain region of southwest China, which is under frequent threat of climate-induced hazards. A household survey of 536 farmers was conducted, and the probit regression analysis revealed that their DIPB was strongly linked to their willingness to purchase insurance as well as their insurance awareness. Other factors that influenced their purchase behavior included their age, health status, education level, and labor out-migration. The PLS-SEM results indicated that farmers’ disaster preparedness expectations (DPE) were shaped by village capacity building, trust in government, and risk perception. In addition, participation in community-based disaster management (PCDM) was found to play a mediating role between expectations and behavior. These findings highlight the need for climate policy frameworks that integrate individual decision-making, community-based adaptation, and institutional trust to promote disaster insurance uptake. Policy recommendations are offered for expanding insurance coverage, enhancing rural resilience, and embedding disaster risk transfer into broader climate adaptation strategies.