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The advanced composite materials developed by Japanese are Functionally Graded Materials (FGM). They maintain structural integrity at high temperatures. These materials have gain popularity for spacecraft and nuclear plants. Flexural behavior of Functionally Graded (FG) skew sandwich plates with geometrical deviations subjected to hygro-thermal loading is carried out in the present work. FG plates are analyzed using Higher Order Zigzag Theory (HOZT). The condition of continuous transversal shear stress at the inter-laminar junctions is fulfilled in this study using HOZT. Finite Element code is derived to predict dimensionless deflections. Convergence and Validation analysis is presented to depict the correctness and authenticity of the current methodology wherein the findings from the analysis are authenticated with the existing studies. Parametric analysis is presented to determine the effect of regulating system components such as aspect ratio, skew angle, boundary conditions, various deviation types along with deviation amplitudes on dimensionless transversal displacement components. The behavior of such FG plates with geometrical deviations is more accurate with consideration of zig-zag effects. The geometry of the plates influences the displacement along with the skew angle. The current investigation includes some novel findings that can be a baseline for further studies in this area.

La Segunda Internacional marcó una etapa en la historia del movimiento obrero caracterizada por la formación de partidos de masas, el crecimiento de los sindicatos, el desarrollo de numerosas organizaciones sociales y la constitución de un ámbito internacional de circulación de ideas. En este trabajo investigamos comparativamente los debates sobre el imperialismo de dos de sus partidos más importantes, la socialdemocracia alemana (SPD) y francesa (SFIO). Indagamos en su análisis de la expansión colonial europea, de las causas del imperialismo y de las perspectivas de una guerra entre las potencias. A su vez, examinamos su acción política en torno a estos temas y las posturas sobre el imperialismo de sus principales tendencias internas, ponderando su impacto en la política partidaria. Ambas organizaciones debatieron y se posicionaron frente a estas cuestiones en el marco de una agitada situación política marcada por guerras de conquista, episodios de rebelión en las colonias y varias crisis bélicas entre los Estados europeos. El desarrollo contradictorio de estos debates es un factor importante para explicar las diferentes reacciones en estos partidos frente a la Primera Guerra Mundial y la posterior escisión del socialismo internacional entre comunistas y reformistas. Manuel Quiroga es Doctor en Historia por la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.

The aim of this paper was to investigate puzzling questions that emerged from oral presentations performed by adult students in a language course located in Rocinha -Rio de Janeiro. The opportunity for this work came from a need to enhance students' oral performance, which was habitually assessed by teachers through classroom participation, oral exams and oral presentations. I reviewed the concepts within the scope of Exploratory Practice, and discussed their interrelation with concepts of Affect and the Affective Filter. I described the activities that generated the puzzles, and the work for understanding that followed. Lastly, I made considerations on the meaning of the work.

ABSTRACT This essay consists of a series of short cultural-philosophical meditations on psychology and its proper unit of study, an issue of great concern to the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition (LCHC) throughout its decades of work. The Lab’s claim that experimental cognitive psychology is ecologically invalid is juxtaposed to other LCHC conceptual challenges to psychology and the negative impact it has on people’s lives-as-lived, as well as challenges from Vygotsky and Wittgenstein.

Relying on external supports to shape the behaviors of students with emotional/behavioral disorders (EBD) is risky as these classroom supports may not generalize to internal strategies that students can use independently in the community. Two special educators approached building self-determination skills in their students with EBD from different perspectives: applied behavior analysis and sensorimotor regulation. Despite different approaches, each teacher employed consistency of language, explicit instruction, and empowering students to engage in self-management. The teachers observed that after students learned to self-manage, they did so with increasing success, resulting in fewer incidences of antisocial or unproductive behavior. The strategies each teacher used are described, emphasizing practices that both used so that other special educators may follow their examples.