Steinbeis Foundation

Ressourcenknappheit, Fachkräftemangel und Anforderungen des Umwelt- und Klimaschutzes machen es zwingend erforderlich, etablierte Prozesse und Arbeitsweisen des Bauwesens auf den Prüfstand zu stellen. Diese Herausforderung bietet die Chance für einen starken Innovationsschub. In diesem Zusammenhang müssen wir uns fragen, welche grundlegenden Ziele unser Handeln verfolgt, wie wir die gebaute Umwelt zukünftig (um)gestalten wollen und was wir kommenden Generationen hinterlassen wollen. Wir müssen entscheiden, wie wir mit Materialien und Ressourcen umgehen wollen. Wenn wir gute Antworten auf diese Fragen finden, haben wir den Grundstein für einen Paradigmenwechsel gelegt. Unser gemeinsames Hauptziel muss sein, besser mit weniger zu bauen. Das heißt zum einen: weniger primäre Ressourcen verbrauchen, weniger CO2-Emissionen erzeugen, weniger Abfall hinterlassen. Zum anderen heißt es: mehr digitale Techniken und interdisziplinäre Kompetenzen in unsere Arbeit integrieren. Es bedeutet, fragmentierte Prozesse neu zu gestalten. Nur wenn die Durchgängigkeit der digitalen Prozesse zwischen Planung, Bau, Betrieb und Rückbau sichergestellt ist, können wir optimalen Schutz von Ressourcen und Umwelt gewährleisten. Die in diesen Prozessen gewonnenen Informationen ermöglichen fundierte Entscheidungen – wenn sie entlang der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette erfasst und zugänglich gemacht werden. Wir müssen viel stärker als bisher gewerkeübergreifend und kreislaufbezogen denken. Dies hilft, Abfall zu minimieren, und schont primäre Ressourcen. Es ändert auch die Art und Weise, wie wir entwerfen und konstruieren. Mit Rezyklaten zu bauen erfordert zum Beispiel eine sehr viel intensivere Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage, welche Materialien zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt zur Verfügung stehen. In Kreisläufen zu denken verändert die Regeln des Konstruierens, da alle Verbindungen lösbar gestaltet werden müssen. Und es führt zu einem anderen Blick auf Herkunft und Wiederverwendbarkeit der eingesetzten Materialien. Nachwachsende sowie leicht in den Kreislauf rückführbare Materialien rücken automatisch stärker in den Fokus. Aus meiner Sicht wird sich die Palette der verwendeten Materialien deutlich ausweiten; kein Material kann allein die Lösung für alle anstehenden Anforderungen erfüllen . Auch nachwachsende Materialien sind nur begrenzt verfügbar und haben ihre Nachteile. Pluralität ist die Lösung. Die Grundregel lautet: Materialgerecht konstruieren, um das Beste in jedem Material zur Geltung zu bringen. Dies gilt für traditionelle Werkstoffe ebenso wie für neue Materialien – und für Baustoffe, die neu verarbeitet und in veränderter Form wieder eingesetzt werden (bspw. Naturstein oder Lehm). Sie alle haben ihren Platz, solange sie dem Hauptziel „Besser mit weniger“ dienen. In diesem Zusammenhang sollte das Bauen im Bestand mehr Relevanz bekommen, denn was ist nachhaltiger als, gebaute Substanz zu erhalten und Bauwerke minimalinvasiv zu modernisieren, solange dies bei einer ganzheitlichen Bilanzierung Sinn macht. Warum sollten Nutzungszyklen auf 30 oder 50 Jahre begrenzt werden, wenn viele Baumaterialien langlebiger sind? Bei all diesen Aspekten und Lösungsansätzen spielen die Prinzipien des Leichtbaus eine wichtige Rolle. Sie wurden schon immer dann eingesetzt, wenn Ressourcen knapp wurden oder anstehende Aufgaben auf andere Weise nicht zu bewältigen waren. Hieran können wir anknüpfen. Während früher der Fokus auf einer Reduktion der verbauten Masse lag, müssen wir jetzt weiterdenken und einen holistischen Ansatz verfolgen. Zukunftsfähiger Leichtbau berücksichtigt den ökologischen Fußabdruck von Bauwerken. Das ist mein Kompass, um Antworten auf die Herausforderungen unserer Zeit zu finden. Lucio Blandini Quelle: Rene Müller, Stuttgart

Abstract In many European countries, the noise protection infrastructure (e.g. mainly noise barriers and more generally noise reducing devices) is constantly expanded as volumes of traffic increase and public awareness of noise grows. This often involves building materials with a large carbon footprint such as concrete, steel or glass contradicting the European goals of decarbonization. More recently, noise reducing devices have been introduced that create additional environmental and social benefits through greening or energy production in attached photovoltaic systems. This results in an optimisation problem addressed in this paper: With which infrastructure can we achieve the required noise protection and the greatest possible additional benefit for people and the environment at minimum cost and with minimal greenhouse gas emissions? To solve this optimization problem, we introduce a multicriteria decision support system for sustainable design of noise reducing devices. It considers the systems performance in noise protection as well as its carbon footprint, its life-cycle costs and additional environmental and social benefits. It uses expert knowledge on different systems performances in noise protection (based on empirical data), Life Cycle Assessment for building materials (including transport and construction processes) and Life Cycle Costing. In this study the multicriteria decision support system is applied to evaluate different types of noise reducing devices including conventional systems such as steel supporting structures with panels as well as “green” barriers and earth barriers. The results show which general design parameters influence the overall performance of a noise protection system regarding different sustainability goals. Based on our results we highlight the application of the multicriteria decision support system at different design stages and discuss design choices at each stage, data requirements and limitations due to data uncertainties.

This paper presents the concept of a tool (Information System Factory) which uses a Fourth Generation Language ($\mathbf{4 G L}$) environment for the production of Information Systems in an agile Software Development Style (RAD: Rapid Application Development). The production process follows the principle of a factory, which assembles the final product by reusing already developed components and adding new components either by in house development or by acquiring external components (Component Based Development). The final system follows a three layer architecture (MVC: Model View Control) separating Data Base (Model) Management, User Interaction (View), and Programming (Control). Modern Micro Computers can be used to execute this “4GL-RAD-Tool” locally on user’s premises or in the field (powered by a battery) without the need of accessing facilities in a global network (cloud). The power of a low cost, energy saving Single Board Computer (SBC) is enough e.g. for developing and running business information systems using this tool. SBCs are frequently used in embedded Systems, which interact with sensors and actuators to control physical processes. Since SBCs can be equipped with large storage devices, there is no need in many cases to use programs in the cloud for the further on processing of big data. A realization of this 4GL-RAD Tool is based on an INFORMIX-4GL compatible system, which is available as an open source productivity tool. The System provides a menu driven IDE, which supports a standard System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) as linear or iterative model. The different phases of the SDLC are delivering various artifacts like User Requirement Documents, Code, and Software User Manuals, which can be enhanced by using Artificial Intelligence (AI). Restricting the system development to classes like Business Administration, Cultural Heritage, IoT-Computing to name a few, can support the development process by introducing “domain ontologies” in the “DevOps"-Environment. The development of a Sensor Network provides a practical example in the field of Mechatronic Engineering.

AbstraktDie Rheinbrücke Leverkusen wurde aufgrund ihres Alters und der dadurch entstandenen Rissbildungen abgebaut. Nachdem sie 1965 errichtet wurde, wurden 2009 Verstärkungselemente zusätzlich an gefährdeten Stellen angebracht. Diese wurden entsprechend ihrer Verwendung zusammengeschweißt. An einem Verstärkungselement, das sich noch im Originalzustand befand, wurden die Eigenspannungen vom Grundmaterial über die Wärmeeinflusszone bis zur Schweißnaht mittels Röntgendiffraktometrie an der Oberfläche bestimmt. Neben der Eigenspannung wurde auch die sogenannte Halbwertsbreite der reflektierten Strahlung mit aufgezeichnet. Sie stellt ein relatives Maß für die Gitterverzerrungen und in diesem Fall für die Versetzungsdichte dar. Es zeigen sich über den gesamten gemessenen Bereich deutliche Druckeigenspannungen. Diese wurden durch Reinigungsstrahlen der Schweißnaht induziert und sind auch nach mehr als 15 Jahren noch deutlich sichtbar. Die Oberflächenrauheit bestätigt die Durchführung des Reinigungsstrahlens.

The importance of display systems in vehicles is constantly increasing and customer expectations are rising in line with developments in the CE market (Consumer Electronic). Smartphones in particular have led to the widespread use of touchscreens, which are intuitive to operate but require the driver to look at the display. This means that touchscreens in vehicles imply a high potential for driver distraction. This article discusses technical measures to minimize driver distraction and highlights the consequences for the display industry and supply chains.

Floating outdoor laboratory equipped with an eddy-covariance measuring system for observation of the evaporation process over the open water surface of the Bautzen reservoir (April 11, 2018) • Evaporation from open water surfaces is significantly lower than potential evaporation and grass-reference evapotranspiration. • The Dalton approach is a reliable method for modelling evaporation rates from inland waters. • Accuracy and precision of input data have a comparable effect on modelling results as parameterization. The evaporation from a Central European lowland reservoir was observed for four years from spring to early winter utilizing a floating outdoor laboratory equipped with an eddy-covariance measuring system. The applied floating observation system made it possible to monitor the evaporation process far away from shore, which reduces impacts of advection and other inferences from the terrestrial surroundings. The measured data therefore reflect the pure nature of the water-atmosphere-interaction that takes place over an extensive large open water surface. The daily evaporation rates were only half to two-thirds of the FAO grass-reference evapotranspiration, which is in conflict with many textbooks those equate the evaporation of open water surfaces with the potential evaporation, which is even higher than the FAO grass-reference evapotranspiration. Measurement uncertainties and in particular the energy-balance-closure-gap in the eddy-covariance data cannot explain this discrepancy. On the contrary, much lower evaporation rates need to be assumed for open-water surfaces. Before this background, different model approaches were reviewed and a modified Dalton approach was selected for accompanying model investigations. Several parameterizations found in the scientific literature were tested together with parameterizations derived from station data. The suitability of the Dalton approach in general and the parameter sets used were evaluated against the background of unavoidable measurement uncertainties and measurement tolerances in both the input data and the reference data. The different parameterizations of the model approach resulted in significantly varying modelling qualities and performances. At the same time, however, it was also shown that the effects of seemingly insignificant measurement uncertainties in the input data accumulate to considerable amounts, leading to significant uncertainties that must be considered in water balance investigations and issues of water resource management in order to avoid misjudgements.

Under European and International policies, organic soil amendments are highly promoted as a cost-efficient solution to improve soil C, quality, and agrosystem sustainability. Inorganic N application is an essential agronomic practice to increase and secure crop yields, however, its long-term application has led to serious environmental problems including deterioration of soil organic C, enhanced greenhouse gas emissions, and an overall decline in environmental quality. Consequently, the co-application of organic and inorganic fertilizers is advocated as a more effective and environmentally friendly fertilization regime. This study aims, to decipher the short-term N kinetics in agricultural soils amended with organic, inorganic, and a combined application of N fertilizer, with and without biochar, and to assess the trade-off balance of soil C and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, we investigated the short-term (90 d) soil N dynamics of sandy soil mesocosms (2 Kg) receiving municipal sewage sludge (MSS) amendments (50 t/ha), urea-N fertilization (U; 200 kg/ha), a combined application (MSS+U), without and with biochar (1.5% w/w). An unamended soil mesocosm was included as a control. The addition of urea-N (U), municipal sewage sludge (MSS), and their combined application (MSS+U) increased the availability of soil NH4+ by 3x, 5x and 12x times, relative to the control, respectively. Interestingly, we observed a tremendous release of soil NO2- only in the urea treatment (U; 128 mg kg-1), and not in the other remaining treatments. Throughout the incubation approx. 12.7x, 13.4x, and 19.7x more soil NO3- was observed for the U, MSS, and MSS+U treatment, relative to the control, respectively. Where biochar was applied, an approx. 40% reduction in soil available NO2- andNO3- was observed. Considering the gaseous emissions of CO2 and N2O, that are generally products of soil respiration, nitrification, and denitrification, the addition of MSS and its co-application (MSS+U), enhanced soil CO2 by 2.4x and 2.4x, and by 13.6x and 16.9x for soil N2O emissions, respectively. Though biochar addition reduced cumulative CO2 emissions by 24%, for all treatments except the control. Although biochar addition decreased cumulative N2O emission by 65% in the U, it had no effect on cumulative N2O emission for MSS and the combined treatment (MSS+U). Fertilization by U did not affect much soil CO2 (526 mg CO2-C kg-1) and N2O (1258 μg N2O-N kg-1) emissions when compared to the unamended soil treatment (C). The MSS+U reduced the N2O emission factor, by 5x when compared to MSS treatment, however, it was well above the IPPC emission factor of 1%. Municipal sewage sludge is a source of C, though we observed that MSS (74%) and the combined treatment (MSS+U, 96%) enhanced the CO2-equivalent emissions, indicating a complete loss of the added organic C through greenhouse gas emissions. Considering our key question, whether co-application of inorganic, and organic fertilizer with biochar is a double-edged sword, we conclude that co-application should be carefully evaluated case per case, as it affects several key soil parameters differently, and therefore we should seek new ways to minimize gaseous losses thus to improve sustainability in agrosystems.