TechnipFMC (Italy)

Many industrial expansion projects aim to approach a new power system mantaining it separate from existing ones, instead this paper demonstrates how integrating existing and new power systems can enhance the reliability through the management of a power system with variable architecture. The paper suggests an innovative approach to be adopted for the power system expansion for industrial plants that require high level of service continuity, consisting in a variable architecture multi-island microgrid. The salient features of the suggested system and the main functions of the Electrical Power Management System (EPMS) are illustrated. EPMS strategies allow to activate a load shedding system operation. The operation and the results under different contingency are reported. The results highlight the increasing of the service continuity.

The present theoretical study proposes an analysis, underpinned by the basic foundations reported in the literature, aimed at establishing a generalization of the relationship between cyclic thermo-mechanical conversion processes and the physical exergy property defined for a system interacting with two different and independent reservoirs. The outcome of the study is the demonstration that physical exergy expresses both useful work or useful heat, if these interactions undergo conversion when withdrawn from a system. The approach to conversion consists in comparing the efficiency of (ideal) Carnot and Joule cycles leading to the argument that the Joule cycle is the one performing at maximum efficiency between two constant pressures, similarly to the Carnot cycle performing at maximum efficiency between two constant temperatures. In terms of specific (per cycle) work or heat of Carnot and Joule cycles, the study proves that the roles of temperature and pressure are opposed as evidenced by a performance optimization analysis for the two cycles. Interactions between a system and two independent reservoirs undergoing isothermal and isobaric processes respectively are examined in relation to useful work and useful heat. The aim and the novelty of this analysis is to explore the role of the Joule cycle and the pressure of system and isobaric reservoir, which are similar to the role of the Carnot cycle and the temperature of system and isothermal reservoir. This implies a generalized formulation of physical exergy which, for this reason, may be regarded as a temperature-and-pressure-dependent property in Original Research Article British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 4(2): 261-278, 2014 262 the general case of a system interacting with two reservoirs. Finally, the expression of the thermal and mechanical components of physical exergy, depending on temperature and pressure, and their relationship with the Carnot and Joule cycles, are envisaged as possible consequences of this analysis representing the basis for future research.

The <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</tex> .-band toroidal pattern antenna for the Meteosat satellite consists of two elements, one transmitting and one receiving, mounted side-by-side. Each of the two elements is constituted by a vertical array of slots cut on both the broad walls of a reduced height waveguide, operating on the TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</inf> mode. General design criteria have favoured a dual antenna system solution: one part formed by waveguides in hard-machined aluminum alloy, the other part consisting of a cylindrical cover in die lectric honey-comb with an aluminum base to achieve a high dynamical behavior for the antenna.