Unité de Recherche Œnologie

• High temperature triggers stage-dependent shifts in berry polyphenol dynamics. • Heat treatment at ripening causes a rise then fall in berry polyphenol contents. • Cabernet-Sauvignon shows earlier and longer polyphenol responses than Merlot. • Phenolic acids and flavanols show distinct cultivar- and time-specific responses. • Fine-scale sampling captures transient heat-induced changes in berry composition. High temperature is a major abiotic stress that profoundly affects grape berry development and secondary metabolism. This study investigated the temporal dynamics of polyphenolic compounds in Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Merlot berries subjected to berry‑scale heat treatments (HT) under greenhouse conditions. HT was applied at both the herbaceous and ripening stages. Polyphenolic profiles were only marginally altered during the herbaceous stage, whereas a markedly broader response was observed during the ripening stage. In both cultivars, HT induced a characteristic “increase-then-decrease” pattern in polyphenol accumulation, with CS exhibiting an earlier onset of the induction and a more delayed decline phase than Merlot. Furthermore, transient variations in specific phenolic classes, particularly phenolic acids and flavanols, displayed distinct cultivar‑ and time‑dependent signatures under HT. Taken together, these results reveal both conserved and cultivar‑specific responses to heat stress and highlight the critical importance of high temporal resolution for capturing transient yet biologically meaningful changes in grape berry composition.

ABSTRACT The contamination of non-target organisms and ecosystems by pesticides can adversely affect biodiversity and key ecosystem services such as pollination or natural pest control. In this study, we used honey bee colonies as sentinels of environmental contamination in four distinct habitats—urban, suburban, forest, and vineyard—and collected bees every three weeks from May to November. Pesticide residues were extracted using an adapted QuEChERS method and analyzed by LC-MS/MS, while inorganic elements were measured by ICP-MS and ICP-AES. Our results show that land-use and seasonal changes shape contaminant patterns in bees. Vineyards left the strongest chemical footprint on bees, as indicated by the wide diversity of contaminants detected in this environment. This reflects multiple exposure to both current and historical pesticide inputs—such as copper—which can accumulate over time to potentially harmful levels. Pollinators like honey bees provide effective indicators of environmental risk, as their health and contaminant loads can reveal broader ecological impacts. Overall, environmental exposure and local contaminant inputs determine the pollutant burdens in pollinators, which may affect honey bee health and the ecosystem services they provide.

• SWOT provides an effective monitoring of SWH and SSH with a standard variation less than 0.85 m. • SWOT estimates changes in SSH within a semi-open basin, at shallow areas and close to cliff coasts. • SWOT accuracy for estimating waves is ∼ 3–4 km radius and ∼ 8–12 m depth from the coastline. • Integrating SWOT 2D views is useful for monitoring the storm evolution at local scales. Satellite altimetry has proven highly effective for monitoring sea surface variability in open oceans and continental shelves, yet its extension to nearshore environments remains challenging. Within the framework of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) wide-swath interferometric mission, this study evaluates SWOT’s capability to retrieve coastal Sea Surface Heights (SSH) and Significant Wave Heights (SWH) in the English Channel along the UK and French coasts. SWOT 1-day Cal/Val and 21-day Science Orbit data were validated against in-situ records from 16 tide gauges and 10 wave buoys between March 2023 and July 2024, encompassing five energetic storm events. Results indicate that SWOT-derived SSH and SWH exhibit strong consistency with in-situ measurements, demonstrating high accuracy (mean RMSE ≈ 0.9), precision (mean STD ≈ 0.85), and a robust correlation (∼0.95). Agreement is influenced by the spatial offset between SWOT tracks and sensor locations, as well as by complex bathymetric and topographic conditions. A benchmarking analysis with coastal wave buoys further demonstrates reliable SWOT wave estimates within ∼ 3–4 km of the shoreline and at depths of ∼ 8–12 m. This finding underscores SWOT’s potential for monitoring shallow-water hydrodynamics and for improving the fidelity of regional and local coastal numerical models.

Although the species is extensively studied, limited data are available on antiphage defense systems (APDSs) in Streptococcus mutans. The present study aimed to explore the diversity and the occurrence of APDSs and to search for prophages in the genomes of clinical isolates of S. mutans using bioinformatics tools. Forty-four clinical isolates of S. mutans were obtained from saliva samples of people with Parkinson's disease. Genomic DNA was extracted, sequenced using Illumina MiSeq technology, and analyzed for the presence of defense systems using DefenseFinder and PADLOC. CRISPR-Cas systems were characterized using CRISPRCasFinder, and prophages were detected by the PhiSpy pipeline from RAST. AcrFinder and AcrHub were used to identify anti-CRISPR proteins. Each strain harbored between 6 and 12 APDS, with restriction-modification systems being the most prevalent, followed by the MazEF toxin-antitoxin system and CRISPR-Cas systems. Type II-C CRISPR-Cas systems were not identified here in S. mutans. Novel variations in type II-A signature protein Cas9 were identified, allowing their classification into four distinct groups. Variability in direct repeat sequences within the same CRISPR array was also observed, and 80% of the spacers were classified as targeting "dark matter". A unique prophage, phi_37bPJ2, was detected, showing high similarity with previously described phages. The AcrIIA5 protein encoded by phi_37bPJ2 was conserved and suggested to remain functionally active. This study reveals the diversity of APDSs in S. mutans and the limited presence of prophages. The findings provide a foundation for future research on the evolutionary dynamics of these systems and their role in S. mutans adaptation to phage pressure.

SUMMARYOsmotic adjustment (OA), the active accumulation of osmolytes in plant cells, plays a crucial role in plant‐drought response. OA occurs throughout the growing season, but the seasonal effects of temperature and water status on OA remain unclear. We investigated grapevine (Vitis vinifera) leaves' regulation of osmotic potential over time, across different temperatures and water deficit conditions and the contributions of sugars and cations driving these changes. Potted grapevines were grown under greenhouse‐controlled conditions at 20, 25 and 30°C, with half of the vines being exposed to mild water deficit (ca. −1 MPa) for 35 days. Leaf osmotic potential at full turgor (π100) was measured via osmometer, while sugar and cation concentrations were quantified by HPIC. Furthermore, π100 was also monitored in field‐grown vines. Our findings confirmed seasonal OA in grapevine, with a progressive decrease in π100 due to solute accumulation. However, the adjustment rate was not significantly influenced by temperature or mild drought, although both factors affected absolute π100. Sugars and cations accounted for 54.5% of the π100, with little variation over the season, suggesting OA is not driven by a single osmolyte. These findings support the idea that plants from Mediterranean/temperate climates follow a pre‐programmed seasonal OA strategy, largely independent of environmental variability.

By conducting a narrative review of the scientific literature, the authors of this study sought to verify whether there were sufficient data to answer the following question: "Can wine positively or negatively influence the incidence and severity of disorders associated with gastrointestinal (GI) diseases?". In this review, most of the studies considered tested different alcoholic beverages (other than wine), not always reporting in the conclusions the possible difference in the extent of symptoms. Although alcohol certainly plays a central role in influencing the oesophageal and gastric environment, no studies evaluating the role of alcohol as such were included, since the aim of the review was to understand whether wine can be moderately consumed by patients with gastrointestinal diseases. The analysis of studies selected from the main reference databases indicates that even moderate wine consumption can be a source of discomfort in subjects with the GI diseases included in this review (gastritis and gastroesophageal disease, gastrointestinal motility, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and microscopic colitis). This does not mean that a certain percentage of patients cannot tolerate moderate amounts of alcoholic beverages; however, discussion with the family doctor or specialist is essential to identify the correct diet in which to include or exclude the consumption of wine. One of the limitations of this review is the low number of studies available, at least for some of the pathologies considered. It is important to emphasise, however, that some selected epidemiological studies, which include many subjects (even over 100,000), can provide useful information from a scientific point of view.

Le mildiou de la vigne causé par l’oomycète Plasmopara viticola est l’une des maladies les plus préjudiciables au vignoble. Les enjeux actuels autour de l’utilisation des produits phytopharmaceutiques incitent à évaluer des stratégies de protection incluant des étapes de prévention des risques épidémiques. Le projet PROFIL vise à étendre la période de lutte contre cet oomycète sur la période hivernale.

Understanding leaf photosynthetic traits and their variation in tropical forests is crucial for improving model predictions of forest productivity, and accurately representing the high functional diversity in these forests remains a challenge. Moreover, leaf photosynthesis data are lacking for the tropical forest of the Congo basin. We observed photosynthetic, chemical and structural leaf traits of 24 woody species in a Congolese tropical forest and studied their variance across functional guilds, within-tree crown positions and overall canopy positions defined by their relative height within the canopy. Guild and crown position jointly influenced leaf traits, with a significant effect observed (marginal R2 > 0.43). The traditional guild classification explained a significant portion of the observed interspecies variation, revealing a clear gradient from shade-tolerant to light-demanding species. Crown position significantly affected intraindividual leaf trait variability, with bottom crown leaves exhibiting trait values at least 19.3% lower than top leaves. Importantly, the linear relationship between relative canopy height and leaf traits emerged as a robust and continuous metric, effectively integrating both inter- and intraspecific variability. We conclude that while guild-based classifications provide a useful framework for identifying plant functional groups, relative canopy height offers a robust and quantitative approach for capturing overall canopy trait variation, valuable for modeling canopy processes.