United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

A synthesis of government and social media data suggests a disruption, possibly tied to events in China.

The article formulates a new concept of the disciplinary status of management, presenting it as a set of sciences unified by an axiological core. Unlike medicine, which institutionalized itself through a natural-scientific foundation, management can be institutionalized through a cultural-value foundation. This thesis defines the scientific novelty of the study. Based on the Kyrgyz system “Kod Ala-Too,” it is demonstrated how the value core (“Zheti Osuyat”), the philosophy of “zhanduu bashkaruu” (living management), managerial models, operational methods, and educational instruments together form the integral architecture of the discipline. A comparative analysis of world literature (G. Hofstede, P. Drucker, D. North, etc.) reveals that although the cultural conditioning of management and the necessity of legitimacy have long been acknowledged, the role of values and culture has been consistently substantiated only at the organizational level (I. Adizes; E. Schein; Cameron–Quinn). In contrast to these approaches, for the first time a formula is proposed for the institutionalization of management as a discipline through a nationally rooted axiological core, with its full-scale implementation demonstrated through a corpus of interconnected books, educational resources, and applied tools. This constitutes the universal significance of the Kyrgyz experience, opening a new path for the institutional development of the global science of management.

Background:The variation in purity of illicitly manufactured fentanyl has been theorized to be a key driver of overdose. However, data on the purity of illicitly manufactured fentanyl in the United States typically comes from law enforcement seizures and is rarely available at the consumer-level, which is most relevant to overdose risk.Methods:Samples were analyzed from a community-based drug checking program operating at four geographic sites in Los Angeles County, California 2023 Q1 to 2025 Q2. Participants answered an anonymous survey about sample characteristics. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted leveraging directly-observed mass spectrometry (DART-MS) and Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) respectively. LC/MS quantified a panel of compounds including fentanyl and fluorofentanyl. Composite fentanyl purity was estimated by adding the percent mass of fentanyl and fluorofentanyl.Results:A total of 353 samples had either fentanyl, fluorofentanyl, or both, quantified. Average purity was 10.0%, SD 11.1%, range 0.1%−64.9%. Samples expected to be fentanyl (n=308) had higher average purity (10.9%) compared to those expected to be heroin (n=24, average purity=2.7%) or other drugs. Powder samples (n=318) had higher average concentration (10.8%) compared to pills (n=11, 1.4%) or tar (n=22, 3.2%). Of expected-fentanyl samples, 42.5% (n=117) had a fentanyl purity of less than 5%, while 17.5% (n=51) had purity over 20%.Conclusions:We found high variation in fentanyl purity among consumer-level samples sold as fentanyl, which may explain overdose among people with opioid tolerance. Fentanyl concentration was lower among samples sold as heroin, other drugs, or in pill form, and was particularly low among expected non-opioid drugs.

This article aims to describe efforts to deal with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia through collaboration between The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Indonesian Government in the 2017-2020 Indonesia Country Program. The method used in this research is a qualitative method and literature study as a data collection technique. Meanwhile, international organization theory and the concept of Human Security are used as theoretical foundations. The results of this research indicate that efforts to control HIV/AIDS in Indonesia by the Indonesian Government in collaboration with UNODC are the right steps, considering that HIV/AIDS is a disease that has an impact on human health security. UNODC assists Indonesia in achieving its goals and interests through the Indonesia Country Program by designing a systematic work plan to discuss and contribute to the creation of a National Action Plan (RAN) to overcome the spread of HIV/AIDS among prisoners and convicts in Indonesia

Michelson’s technical invention of his interferometer and his performance of the first experiment with the interferometer was a milestone in the history of physics. This paper reviews the history of the Michelson experiment, invented, and performed for the first time at the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam in 1881. The paper draws attention to the International Michelson Colloquium, held from April 27 to April 30, 1981, in Potsdam (Germany) (Treder, 1979, 1982). This paper is an attempt to reconsider a scientific event organized more than 40 years ago, as the follow-up to Einstein’s Centenary, celebrated from 28 February to 2 March 1979 in Berlin (Germany) (Treder, 1979; Bleyer et al., 1979), for Michelson’s experiment done more than 140 years ago. Issues in history, education, and research still pursued today with reference to Michelson’s experiment are highlighted. For the first time letters from Max Born and Helen Dukas to be of interest for the relation of Einstein and Michelson is part of this paper.