Universitas Muhammadiyah Jember

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a metaverse-based adaptive gamified learning game to enhance mathematical motivation, problem-solving skills, and cognitive engagement of teacher education students. The research specifically sought to produce a valid, practical, and effective learning system that addresses low motivation, mathematics anxiety, and limited higher-order thinking skills commonly found in teacher education. Using a research and development (R&D) approach with a 4D model (define, design, develop, disseminate), the study integrated immersive digital environments with adaptive gamification strategies. The adaptive mechanism personalizes learning by dynamically adjusting task difficulty, feedback, and learning pathways based on students’ performance and progression. The learning content focuses on core elementary mathematics topics, particularly geometry and basic problem-solving concepts. The system was implemented over a six-week intervention period and evaluated using a quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design involving 60 teacher education students. Data were collected through expert validation, black box testing, practicality testing, and pre–post assessments. Validation results indicated high validity for material (90.90%), media (89.94%), and instructional design (90.40%). Black box testing achieved a 100% success rate, and practicality testing yielded an overall score of 90.17%, demonstrating strong usability. Effectiveness analysis revealed significant improvements across all measured outcomes (p < 0.001). The disseminate stage resulted in a finalized and classroom-ready learning product that is feasible for broader implementation in teacher education programs. These findings confirm that metaverse-based adaptive gamified learning can effectively enhance mathematics learning outcomes while strengthening digital pedagogical competencies aligned with Education 4.0.

This study examines how teachers contribute to the development of discipline and responsibility among elementary students, focusing on State Elementary School Puncu 2 in Kediri Regency. The research aims to examine the specific roles teachers play in fostering these character traits and to identify supporting and inhibiting factors that Influence their implementation. A qualitative case study design was applied, involving teachers and upper-grade students as participants. Data were gathered through classroom observations, semi-structured in-depth interviews, and document analysis, and examined using an interactive analytical framework comprising data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Credibility was strengthened through source and technique triangulation. The findings reveal that teachers function as moral exemplars, facilitators, classroom organizers, and evaluators in cultivating students’ discipline and responsibility. Character formation is implemented through structured habituation, consistent rule enforcement, reflective habit journals, classroom duty systems, daily task checklists, and positive reinforcement strategies. The effectiveness of these efforts is supported by strong teacher commitment, principal leadership, collaborative engagement with parents, and a conducive school culture. Conversely, variations in family background, inconsistent reinforcement at home, and limited student self-awareness present notable challenges. Overall, the study concludes that sustained teacher consistency, school-family partnership, and an enabling educational environment are decisive factors in successfully embedding discipline and responsibility at the elementary level.

The rapid development of information and communication technology has transformed the pattern of Islamic preaching from conventional methods to digital-based communication models. Islamic organizations are required to adapt to this transformation in order to expand the dissemination of religious messages in the digital era. However, the digital da'wah activities of the Aisyiyah Regional Leadership (PDA) of Jember Regency are still limited in terms of creative content production and digital communication strategies. This community service program aims to improve digital da'wah capacity through training and mentoring in the development of creative digital content such as videos, graphic designs, and copywriting. The implementation method consisted of three stages: socialization, module development, and training activities. The results of the program show that participants experienced increased understanding of digital da'wah strategies and improved technical skills in producing creative digital content. In addition, the program produced a digital da'wah guideline module that can be used as a reference for sustainable digital content management.

Background: Spiritual mindfulness plays a role in reducing pregnancy-related stress and supporting favorable birth outcomes, thereby representing a potential strategy for prevention of low birth weight (LBW). The aimed to analyze necessity for spiritual mindfulness among pregnant women as an effort to prevent LBW. Methods: A qualitative designed with a phenomenological approach to explore subjective meanings, lived experiences, and spiritual mindfulness practices of pregnant women in relation to LBW prevention. Participants were selected using purposive sampling based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Key informants were pregnant women who met the eligibility criteria, while village midwives served as the main subjects, and community health volunteers acted as supporting informants. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Instruments study included researcher as primary instrument, a semi-structured interview guide, and informed consent forms. Data analysis used thematic analysis. Validity was ensured through the application of trustworthiness criteria. Results: LBW cases are still present and associated with various maternal and obstetric risk factors, particularly hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, anemia, premature rupture of membranes, and chronic energy deficiency. Psychosocial factors also contribute to risk of LBW. Maternal stress and anxiety, especially in unplanned pregnancies, may adversely affect maternal and fetal health. Social support from family members and supportive approaches from healthcare providers emerged as important protective factors in maintaining maternal well-being. Additionally, they demonstrated limited understanding of LBW. Conclusion: Spiritual mindfulness emerged as a psychosocial necessity that supports pregnant women in managing stress, enhancing inner calmness, and promoting positive health behaviors during pregnancy.

Background: A gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, is known for causing infections in areas like the skin, lungs, and mouth, and has spurred interest in natural remedies due to growing antibiotic resistance. This has led researchers to explore alternatives from sources such as Robusta coffee beans (Coffea canephora var. robusta), which contain potent bioactive substances. Purpose: The review aims to elaborate on the effectiveness of Robusta coffee beans in combating pathogens like S. aureus and to pinpoint the key ingredients contributing to their antibacterial activity. Reviews: Research indicates that Robusta coffee beans are rich in active elements (caffeine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and trigonelline), all of which demonstrate antimicrobial and antivirulence capabilities. These compounds work by compromising the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane, blocking protein production, and weakening the cell wall, ultimately resulting in cell breakdown. Chlorogenic acid, the most abundant of these, shows both inhibitory and lethal effects on bacteria. S. aureus is notorious for building tolerance to multiple antibiotics, complicating treatment. This challenge stems from its harmful traits, notably Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL), which boosts its danger by destroying leukocytes and triggering tissue necrosis. Conclusion: Robusta coffee beans (C. canephora var. robusta) have great potential antibacterial activity attributed to their bioactive compounds, which inhibit pathogens such as S. aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella typhi. These findings suggest that robusta coffee beans may serve as a viable source for developing alternative natural antibacterial formulations, particularly against S. aureus associated infections.

This study aims to examine the influence of social media marketing, service quality, and brand image on patient satisfaction and loyalty, and to analyze the moderating role of gender in the relationship between satisfaction and loyalty. Data were collected from outpatients who had previously received healthcare services at the Featured Clinic. A purposive sampling technique was used, with the criterion being that respondents had visited the clinic at least once. The sample size was determined based on the recommendations of Hair et al., who suggest a minimum of 5–10 respondents per indicator for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. Thus, a total of 200 valid responses were analyzed using SEM. The results show that social media marketing, service quality, and brand image have a significant positive influence on patient satisfaction. Social media marketing, service quality, and satisfaction were also found to have a significant influence on patient loyalty. However, brand image did not have a direct influence on patient loyalty. Satisfaction mediated the relationship between social media marketing and patient loyalty, but did not mediate the influence of service quality and brand image on loyalty. Furthermore, gender did not significantly moderate the relationship between satisfaction and patient loyalty.

This research is motivated by developments in modern physics which show that black holes, which in classical general relativity are considered the most stable and permanent entities in the universe, actually undergo evaporation through Hawking radiation. This phenomenon has profound philosophical implications regarding the nature of physical existence, the status of information, the structure of space-time, and the direction of cosmological time. This study aims to analyze the ontological and epistemological implications of black hole evaporation in the context of micro-macro relationships, relational ontology, and the concept of time as an emergent phenomenon. This study uses a qualitative method based on literature review and conceptual analysis by integrating the perspectives of theoretical physics, philosophy of science, and modern cosmology. The results of this study show that black hole evaporation confirms that there are no physical entities that are absolute and permanent. Physical existence is more accurately understood as a relational phenomenon that depends on the interaction between space-time geometry, quantum fluctuations, and cosmic thermodynamic processes. Furthermore, the black hole information paradox can be understood as a limitation of human epistemological description, rather than an ontological loss of physical reality. This research also confirms that the direction of time is a consequence of the emergence of increased entropy in the universe. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of the phenomenon of black hole evaporation with a structural-relational ontological approach to explain physical reality as a dynamic and emergent process.

Background: Malnutrition among children remains a major public health concern in Indonesia, despite a gradual decline in prevalence. Parental occupation and caregiving capacity have been suggested as key determinants influencing nutritional outcomes. Objective: To investigate the association between parental occupation and malnutrition among children in a hospital-based setting. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using medical records of 90 malnourished children admitted to the Pediatric Ward of University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital. Results: Of the 90 patients, 25 (27.8%) were classified as severely malnourished. A significant association was found between parental occupation and malnutrition severity (p: 0.001), with children of formally employed parents more likely to experience severe malnutrition. Gender differences were also significant (p: 0.047), with a higher proportion of girls in the severe malnutrition group. No significant differences were found in age, comorbidities, or district of residence. Conclusion: Parental occupation is significantly associated with the severity of malnutrition in children. Formal employment may limit caregiving capacity and feeding practices, increasing the risk of severe malnutrition. Interventions should focus on caregiver support, nutritional education, and workplace policies to improve child health outcomes.

Background: Nosocomial infections pose a significant risk in hospitals, with fungi accounting for 14.7% of cases. Patients in Class III inpatient rooms are particularly vulnerable due to low immunity. Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) stem contains antifungal terpenoids like citronellal (84.4%), offering a potential intervention. Objective: To determine the effect of a kaffir lime stem extract diffuser on airborne fungal growth in Class III inpatient rooms. Methods: An experimental pre-post test-only group design was employed. Sixteen sample groups were used: 4 negative controls and 12 treatment groups exposed to diffused extract at concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% for 55, 110, and 165 minutes. Data were analyzed using Repeated Measures ANOVA. Results: A significant reduction in fungal colony count was observed, influenced by both extract concentration (p=0.048) and exposure duration (p=0.000). Post Hoc Bonferroni analysis identified 25% concentration and 165 minutes of exposure as the optimal parameters. Predominant fungi identified were Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus spp., and Candida albicans. Conclusion: Diffusing kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) stem extract significantly inhibits the growth of airborne mold in Class III inpatient rooms, with concentration and exposure time being critical factors. The extract has potential for the prevention of nosocomial infections.