University of Gour Banga

Within Indian Education, Teacher Education constitutes of fundamental ethical concern as it shapes not just pedagogical competence but also the ethical and communal aspect of society. In the Indian context, declining ethical standards, government failures and exclusion are frequently addressed through policy reforms and nonsupervisory mechanisms. Such approaches remain insufficient without a deeper philosophical explanation. From a philosophical reflection, this paper argues that the crisis of teacher education in India is fundamentally moral in nature. Persistent exclusion, weak responsibility structures and immorally deficient government reflect a deeper normative failure rather than mere administrative shortcomings. Drawing upon normative ethics and political philosophy, particularly the ideas of Kant, Plato, John Rawls and B.R Ambedkar, the study examines ethics, government, and inclusion as interrelated moral categories. It is contended that inclusive education is not a procedural ideal but a normative demand grounded in justice, dignity, and moral responsibility. This paper argues that the genuine reform in Teacher Education requires moral responsibility and reconstruction rather than solely technocratic intervention.

Abstract: This study discussion on how democracy in India has changed and the problems it faces and also stresses how important institutions like the Election Commission, Lokpal, and media are keeping for democracy strong. Further, discuss about how important the Goods and Services Tax (GST) is as a way to bring the economy together, comparing its implementation to important events in India's history. The idea of "Constitutional Morality" is put up, saying that majority opinions should not be able to override constitutional rights. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the need to defend the rights of minorities and the conversation about how important the media is for protecting free speech in the face of growing threats of censorship. The paper also discuss about the NITI Aayog's "Strategy for New India @75," which aims to promote growth and inclusion by meeting the demands of all groups in society. It ends by saying that for social programs to work, the national and state governments need to work together. It also warns against divisive populism and too many reservations. Keywords: Democratic Institutions, Goods and Services Tax , State Government, Constitutional Morality, Elections etc.

Abstract India holds the world’s fifth-largest reserves of Rare Earth Elements (REEs), primarily found in monazite. However, extraction is challenging due to their radioactive and lean nature. India currently has facilities for metal extraction, mining, separation, oxide refining and extraction but lacks industrial scale facilities for manufacturing alloys and magnets. The Indian rare earth sector is expected to generate capital employment and foreign exchange earnings. India is transitioning to a cleaner, greener and more technologically advanced economy, focusing on 17 REEs essential in various applications, such as EV batteries, solar cells, nuclear reactors and high-tech electronics. REEs are crucial minerals with high supply risks, particularly in India, where the government lacks resources for their collection, usage and recycling. Sustainable development aims to counter material criticality by focusing on material efficiency. Solutions for REE supply include deep-sea mining, economic recovery from coal, coal ash and red mud. E-waste management is crucial for the sustainable future of REE, replacing them into secondary alternative sources, with recycling end-of-life components allowing for the conversion of waste into valuable resources. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) commitment plays a crucial role in reducing REE use, replacing them with alternative elements and recycling end-of-life components across India. Further, trade relations play a crucial role in demand–supply balance.

Despite the availability of free basic vaccination programmes, the disparity continues in immunization coverage among children aged 12–23 months in India, particularly with increasing birth orders. Using the data from the NFHS 5 (2019–21), the study seeks to investigate how birth order affects the likelihood of children’s immunization aged 12–23 months in India. The analysis included a nationally representative sample of 43,436 children aged 12–23 months. Bivariate LISA and multilevel logistic regression models were performed to assess spatial and statistical patterns. The study found that spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated a positive association between 1st and 2nd birth orders and child full immunization coverage. However, the likelihood of full immunization declines significantly with increasing birth order [2nd (OR: 0.91); 3rd (OR: 0.74); 4th (OR: 0.64); 5th (OR: 0.56); 6 and more (OR: 0.41)]. Similarly, other socio-demographic covariates such as female children [AOR: 0.95], children who belong to Muslim families [AOR: 0.72], and resided in the northeastern part [AOR: 0.52] of India had a lower likelihood of being completely immunized. Therefore, the present study underscores the urgent need for targeted public health interventions that address both familial and structural barriers to immunization, specifically for mothers who have more than two children, to ensure that no child is left behind, regardless of their birth position within the family.

This study examines the morphometric characteristics and drainage anomalies of the Kanchi River Basin, which is a tributary of the Subarnarekha River located in Jharkhand, India. SRTM DEM data alongside ArcGIS 10.3.1 were utilized to outline the drainage system and conduct morphometric evaluations. The recorded drainage density stands at 1.13 km/km², the stream frequency at 0.97 streams/km², and the relative relief at 276.66 m. The anomalies in DD range from –1.23 to –2.35 km/km², while the anomalies in stream frequency range from –1.21 to –4.77stream/km². The basin is elongated, moderately dissection, and is influenced by the underlying structure. Tectonic activity and variations in lithology have a significant impact on how drainage anomalies are spatially distributed. The combination of DEM and GIS has proven effective for geomorphological studies, assisting in watershed management and planning for land use.

Strains of Penicillium sp. are known to produce various enzymes with industrial relevance. The primary objective of the study is to determine the glycanolytic enzyme-producing potentialities of three Penicillium sp. strains, viz. PDF4, XDF1(i), and XDF7(iii), and to optimize the enzyme production and activity at different pH and temperatures. The efficacy of enzyme production and enzyme activities was tested both qualitatively and quantitatively using different glycan and lignocellulosic substrates under varying pH and temperature conditions. Among the strains, Penicillium oxalicum strain XDF7(iii) (ITS: OR555781; NL: OR555751) was the highest pectinase producer (0.303547 μmol mL-1min-1) at pH 3.0 in YP-pectin medium. It also exhibited the highest xylanase activity (0.768501 μmol mL-1min-1) in YP-xylan medium at pH 5.0. In contrast, all strains were poor producers of CMCase in all culture conditions. The strain XDF7(iii) also effectively utilized both Musambi peel (MP) and Sugarcane bagasse (SB) and recorded the highest xylanase activity (1.0912764 μmol mL-1min-1) and pectinase activity (0.8576 μmol mL-1min-1) on the 3rd day of incubation on MP. Thus, the study concludes that these new environmental strains of Penicillium sp. can produce a high amount of industrial enzymes, such as xylanase and pectinase, under standard fermentation conditions. Furthermore, the low-cost lignocellulose biomass MP could be utilized for large-scale xylanase and pectinase production.