University of Hull

This paper reexamines the beta-return relation through the lens of time-varying risk aversion. We show that the security market line (SML) depends critically on the level of aggregate risk aversion. During periods of high risk aversion, the SML exhibits a positive slope and an intercept that is statistically indistinguishable from zero, with investor sentiment playing only a minor role. During periods of low risk aversion, the SML slope becomes negative and the intercept is significantly positive. Investor sentiment affects the SML only when risk aversion is low. These patterns are robust across alternative portfolio constructions, longer investment horizons, and multiple measures of risk aversion.

Nurses often experience high-stress situations, dealing with long hours and emotionally challenging situations. These pressures can lead to a decrease in team morale and a decline in performance. This article discusses how socialising outside work can significantly enhance the morale and cohesion of nursing teams. By examining recent studies and theoretical frameworks, the author explores the potential of social interactions outside the workplace to improve communication, reduce stress, foster a sense of community and ultimately enhance patient care. Furthermore, it will provide practical recommendations for integrating social activities within nursing teams.

ABSTRACT Based on ecological adaptation theory, tremendous effort is being spent on measures that are eliminating salmon hatcheries and fishing opportunities with the intention of protecting wild runs deemed to be of particular genetic importance to the survival of the species. New research in evolutionary biology and evidence from long‐term field studies do not support these policies. Natural ecosystem variability and the complex life histories of salmon argue instead for a model based on epigenetic and phenotypic plasticity coherent with neutrality theory. Under a plasticity model, hatcheries managed within the carrying capacity of recipient streams and according to best genetic and rearing practices are not predicted to represent a threat to wild salmon, consistent with observations from the field. In addition, the scale of over‐fishing and habitat destruction in the 19th and 20th centuries, compounded by projected climate change, strongly suggest that closing hatcheries justified by ecological adaptation theory is likely to further undermine genetic integrity, ecosystem productivity, and economic value of salmon, and is unlikely to result in exploitable (recreational and commercial) populations as seen in the past. Fisheries research that considers a full range of evolutionary, ecological, and social considerations is more likely to inform policy that addresses diverse values associated with Pacific salmon.

Software supply-chain security requires provenance mechanisms that support reproducibility and vulnerability assessment under dynamic execution conditions. Conventional Software Bills of Materials (SBOMs) provide static dependency inventories but cannot capture runtime behaviour, environment drift, or exploitability context. This paper introduces agentic Artificial Intelligence Bills of Materials (AIBOMs), extending SBOMs into active provenance artefacts through autonomous, policy-constrained reasoning. We present an agentic AIBOM framework based on a multi-agent architecture comprising (i) a baseline environment reconstruction agent (MCP), (ii) a runtime dependency and drift-monitoring agent (A2A), and (iii) a policy-aware vulnerability and VEX reasoning agent (AGNTCY). These agents generate contextual exploitability assertions by combining runtime execution evidence, dependency usage, and environmental mitigations with ISO/IEC 20153:2025 Common Security Advisory Framework (CSAF) v2.0 semantics. Exploitability is expressed via structured VEX assertions rather than enforcement actions. The framework introduces minimal, standards-aligned schema extensions to CycloneDX and SPDX, capturing execution context, dependency evolution, and agent decision provenance while preserving interoperability. Evaluation across heterogeneous analytical workloads demonstrates improved runtime dependency capture, reproducibility fidelity, and stability of vulnerability interpretation compared with established provenance systems, with low computational overhead. Ablation studies confirm that each agent contributes distinct capabilities unavailable through deterministic automation.

Chronic diseases account for 74% of global deaths. In the UK, multimorbidity prevalence is projected to nearly double by 2035. Addressing this burden requires a holistic, multidisciplinary approach that considers genetic, lifestyle, environmental, and psychosocial factors. The increasing focus on holistic care has revived interest in traditional and complementary healthcare practices, with a 2013 survey indicating that 23.6% of the UK’s ethnic population utilizes these modalities. Among these practices, Ayurveda has gained significant global traction. Despite the growing popularity of Ayurveda, discussions between patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs) remain limited. Consequently, patients often explore Ayurveda centres independently, risking unreliable sources that could have serious consequences on their health. Opening conversations about Ayurveda is crucial to ensure patients are well-informed. These conversations largely depend on the awareness, attitudes, and having the confidence and the ability to signpost patients to reputable Ayurvedic centres. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey to assess UK HCPs’ awareness, attitudes, and training needs on Ayurveda. After a pilot test, an anonymous Google Form was distributed, yielding 147 responses. Cronbach’s alpha for the questionnaire was 0.9261, indicating high internal consistency. Descriptive statistics, Chi-Square Test, and Fisher’s Exact Test were used for data analysis. Of 147 surveyed HCPs, 10.2% were very familiar with Ayurveda, 46.3% somewhat familiar, and 43.5% had little to no familiarity. Herbal medications (59.6%) and dietary interventions (41.1%) were most recognized. Only 10.9% fully understood Ayurveda’s known safety and effectiveness. Most (80.3%) felt unprepared to advise patients on Ayurveda, and majority (83%) had no formal training. Regarding attitudes, 46.2% supported including Ayurveda as a treatment option, and 82.3% thought it should be regulated by the Medicines and Health Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) or the NHS. The majority (70.7%) favoured collaboration with Ayurvedic practitioners. Attitudes about Ayurveda’s role in chronic disease varied, with 47.7% believing it could help those not benefited by conventional medicine. A strong majority (83.7%) supported patient education on its benefits and risks, and most (86.4%) willing to learn more. In terms of patient engagement, nearly half (47.6%) refrained from offering definitive advice on Ayurveda, and only a few (8.8%) referred patients to Ayurvedic practitioners. However, most (84.4%) supported interprofessional cooperation. Key challenges to integration included lack of scientific evidence (55.1%) and limited understanding (44.2%), with many advocating for research (51.7%) and education (45.6%). Ethnicity significantly influenced responses (p<0.001), with Asians showing familiarity but limited understanding, Black respondents displaying more knowledge and support for integration, and White respondents expressing scepticism and a need for regulation. The survey highlights significant gaps in awareness and understanding of Ayurveda among UK healthcare professionals, alongside varying attitudes toward its integration in chronic disease management. Most HCPs expressed support for collaboration with Ayurvedic practitioners and for educating patients about its benefits and risks. These findings underscore the need for enhanced education and structured training programs for HCPs to enable safe and informed discussions about Ayurveda in clinical practice. In response to the identified gaps, an educational video was subsequently developed by the University of Birmingham for HCPs to address knowledge gaps and support informed patient decisions on Ayurveda.

Abstract Hydrogen recombination lines provide key diagnostics of ionized gas in galaxies, yet most hydrodynamical simulations estimate hydrogen level populations using interpolated emissivity tables rather than computing them directly from local physical conditions. We present HyLight, a Python-based atomic model that calculates hydrogen level populations and line emissivities from the gas density, temperature, and ionization state, enabling accurate predictions in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium environments. Benchmark comparisons show that HyLight reproduces Cloudy predictions for Balmer, Paschen, and Brackett emissivities to within 1percnt under typical photoionized nebular conditions, while discrepancies of several tens of per cent arise relative to other published calculations. As an illustrative application, we use HyLight to compute photoionization-to-line intensity ratios in an H ii nebula and generate synthetic hydrogen emission maps from a radiation-hydrodynamical simulation that includes non-equilibrium thermochemistry. Combining physical consistency with flexibility, HyLight provides a robust framework for connecting hydrodynamical simulations with observational diagnostics of photoionized regions, and enhances our ability to interpret hydrogen emission in complex, non-equilibrium astrophysical environments.

High-quality evidence suggests that specialist palliative care reduces the odds of dying in hospital. The economic implications have not been established. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of home- and hospital-based specialist palliative care for adults with poor prognosis in England. Health-economic decision-modelling using five-state Markov cohort models with a 24-h cycle and lifetime horizon. We evaluated home- and hospital-based care separately. We modelled counterfactuals using Cochrane review evidence of treatment effects on place of death and quality of life. We estimated place of death distributions, utilisation, quality-adjusted life years, and unit and intervention costs from the literature. Home-based care was associated with reduced costs of £7908 per person (95% confidence interval: -18,044 to 395) and increased quality-adjusted life years by 0.035 per person (0.033 to 0.037). Hospital-based care reduced costs by £6480 per person (-11,482 to -1671) and increased quality-adjusted life years by 0.033 per person (0.031 to 0.035). We estimated that for England in 2022, specialist palliative care supported over 20,000 people to die outside of hospital, saved approximately 1.5 million hospital bed days and reduced system expenditures by £817 million. Specialist palliative care reduces hospital bed days, deaths in hospital and healthcare costs, as well as improving quality of life, among adults in England. A minority who might benefit currently receive specialist palliative care and needs are growing rapidly. Expanding access may yield further gains, but bridging current gaps in access also requires new approaches to reaching and meeting the needs of underserved groups.

Welding is a widely used and effective method of joining metals. However, serious challenges are often encountered in the process due to welding distortion. Distortions result from the thermal expansion and shrinkage of metals during the welding process. This review paper focuses on the mechanisms associated with welding distortion and various mitigation techniques adaptable by fabrication industries. Whereas full prevention of distortion is unattainable with a finite geometric accuracy, it can essentially be controlled to minimize the undesired impact of distortion on the geometric integrity, hence increasing the manufacturing efficiency and decreasing the production cost. This paper categorizes distortions into out-of-plane and in-plane deformation modes and describes the factors which influence distortions - welding parameters, sequences, and material properties. Furthermore, a review of traditional and novel mitigation strategies, such as the optimization of welding parameters and improved determination and prediction of the welding sequence schedule. In this review, based on the synthesis of current publications, efforts have been made to guide fabrication industries in determining appropriate procedures and parameters to be selected according to job requirements, with the sole aim of offering better weld quality and lowering of manufacturing cost.