University of Koudougou

This article analyses the response of the subsolar position (Ro) of the Earth’s magnetopause to geo-effective ICME storms in solar cycle 24, ranging from minor to extreme intensity, based on the model developed by Shue et al. (1998) and 1-minute OMNI data. The study combines a phase analysis of representative storms with an analysis of the influence of Ro variability on solar wind parameters, without phase distinction (correlations, time lags, Granger causality, and adjustments). The results show that the dynamics of Ro are driven almost exclusively by Pd in the minor and moderate storms studied, while a synergistic shift appears in strong and extreme storms, where magnetic reconnection or even magnetopause erosion becomes decisive. The crossing of the magnetopause at the subsolar point of the geosynchronous orbit (<6.6 Re) is a signature of the main phase of the storm on 22 June 2015 (strong) and the initial and main phase of the storm on 17 March 2015 (extreme). The autocorrelation correction confirms the robustness of the high correlations observed. The relationships between Ro and Pd remain linear except for the extreme event, while Bz requires polynomial adjustments in most of the events studied. Variations in Pd and N precede those in Ro by 1 min to 3 min and significantly influence those in Ro, with a maximum effect at lag = 0 min in almost all events. The predominant response of Ro to the magnetic constraint imposed by B is delayed, with lag varying from 30 min to 7 min depending on the event, except in the extreme case where lag = 0 min, controlled by the structure of the magnetosphere, and Bz plays a secondary role except in the extreme case where it contributes to magnetic reconnection and magnetopause erosion.

ABSTRACT The article assesses the effects of fiscal policy on banking profitability, looking separately the effects of government securities and tax pressure on ROE and ROA. Applying the Pooled Mean Group in the WAEMU‐panel countries from 1990 to 2021, this article provides two results: (i) government securities positively and significantly affect ROE/ROA up to a maximum threshold of 19.41% of GDP; and (ii) tax pressure negatively and significantly affects ROE/ROA up to a maximum threshold of 19.42%. Three implications emerge: (i) monetary authorities must prevent any contagion between public finances and banking crises by setting an indicative ceiling, adjusting the reserve requirement ratio upwards or resorting to restrictive open market operations; (ii) the cap reduces the crowding out of private credit through preferential refinancing lines for productive credit; (iii) government authorities must improve tax revenue mobilisation and adopt tax and regulatory incentives for private credit, such as targeted tax reductions or the creation of public guarantees.

Genome-Wide Association Study (gwas) is a common approach for exploring relationship between observed phenotypes and genomics variations. The aim of gwas is to discover the genomic regions controlling a given trait. Gwas methods are facing analysis of high-dimensional data in which the number of variables is too large than the number individuals, known as curse of dimensionality. Research is turning to machine-learning approaches as they are well suited for this king of data. In this study, we proposed an approach for selecting significant snps. This approach is a two-stage process, in which, we remove non-informative snps using Kruskal-Wallis test and then select the significant snps based on a predictive model variable importance measure. In the second stage, we used XGBoost algorithm to train and assess a model. We applied this approach to cattle resistance to trypanosomiasis. The results show that our model based on XGBoost is more stable and robust selection of significant snps than previous work.

This research analyzes the determinants of fiscal space in the eight WAEMU countries over the period 2002 to 2022 using an ARDL error-correction model estimated by the Pooled Mean Group method. The results reveal that current expenditures, particularly wages and salaries, debt service, capital expenditures, and military expenditures, have significantly contributed to the reduction of fiscal space. To address this, member states must rationalize their current expenditures to create fiscal space essential for financing development, macroeconomic stability, and growth. It is also recommended to strengthen domestic resource mobilization by broadening the tax base. The gradual inclusion of underexploited sectors such as agriculture, livestock, and non-timber forest products would better reflect the real economic structure, increase tax revenues, and improve the resilience of public finances. Moreover, in a tense security context, a pooling of defense efforts is essential. A coordinated regional response would allow for more efficient management of security resources while limiting their pressure on public finances and preserving the economic stability of the Union.

Abstract Background Vector control strategies have predominantly relied on the use of synthetic chemicals, leading to the widespread of resistance among malaria vector populations. This growing resistance has prompted increased interest in alternative control methods, particularly those based on plant-derived essential oils (EOs). The present study investigates the insecticidal efficacy of five essential oils against field populations of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato from Burkina Faso. The objective was also to assess the current distribution and frequency of resistance-conferring mutations within these mosquito populations. Methods Essential oils were extracted from Cymbopogon citratus , Cymbopogon nardus , Eucalyptus camaldulensis , Lippia multiflora , and Ocimum americanum plants by hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The insecticidal activity of the EOs was evaluated on Anopheles gambiae complex populations collected from fifteen localities, following the WHO tube bioassay protocol. Species identification in Anopheles complex was carried out by PCR. Molecular assays targeting specific resistance genes, particularly the knockdown resistance ( kdr ) L1014F mutation, were conducted using allele-specific PCR. The KD effect and mortality rates induced by each EO were recorded. Results GC–MS analysis revealed among the 5 EOs samples tested, monoterpenes were the dominant compounds. The KD effects of Cymbopogon citratus , Cymbopogon nardus and Lippia multiflora were more pronounced in all the study areas. The comparative analysis of knockdown times at 50% and 95% (KDT50 and KDT95) highlights significant differences in efficacy between the tested essential oils and permethrin. Overall, the essential oils exhibited significantly lower KDT values than permethrin, indicating a faster and potentially more effective action against Anopheles gambiae populations. Moreover, L. multiflora induced a rate of mortality of 100% in mosquitoes from fifteen localities. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in mortality rates among the EOs tested. The potent insecticidal activity observed is likely due to the major terpenoid compounds present in these EOs. Among the mosquito populations analyzed, Anopheles arabiensis was predominant and exhibited high phenotypic resistance to pyrethroids in multiple locations. Conclusion The EOs of Cymbopogon citratus , Cymbopogon nardus , and Lippia multiflora could be used as alternatives where pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors has been established. These findings support the potential integration of these plant-derived oils into environmentally sustainable vector management strategies in Burkina Faso.

This research examines the application of virtual reality (VR) in the context of shoulder rehabilitation, focusing on the obstacles encountered by patients during their recovery from injuries or surgical procedures. A virtual reality-based rehabilitation system was created and evaluated at the Sangoulé Lamizana Military Camp Hospital, focusing on improving treatment effectiveness and increasing patient involvement. The findings indicated that virtual reality markedly enhanced patient motivation and resulted in a more rapid and enduring recovery of shoulder mobility in comparison to conventional rehabilitation techniques. The immersive virtual reality experience facilitated the development of tailored treatment plans and provided immediate feedback, enhancing compliance with rehabilitation protocols. The results highlight the potential of virtual reality as a novel therapeutic instrument, providing a more engaging and patient-focused methodology in the field of physiotherapy. The findings indicate that virtual reality has the potential to transform rehabilitation methodologies by enhancing clinical results and patient contentment.

Abstract This article estimates the size of short- and long-term fiscal multipliers for fiscal revenue and aggregate and disaggregate public expenditure in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). The empirical methodology is based on the estimation of a vector error correction model using panel data from 1996 to 2023. The estimation results indicate that the short- and long-term fiscal multipliers in the WAEMU area are less than one and are relatively low compared with those in other similar economic zones. Consistent with the standard literature, our results show that output increases in response to a positive government expenditure shock, whereas output decreases in response to a positive fiscal revenue shock. The results using disaggregated government expenditure reveal that public investment expenditure has larger multipliers than public consumption expenditure in both the short and long run, highlighting the greater impact of capital investment on output. Furthermore, spending on human capital has much higher multipliers than spending on non-human capital over both the short and long run. This confirms the critical role of investing in human capital to foster sustainable growth.

Continued population growth in African cities has led to an increase in the demand for agricultural produce, with intensive use of inputs. The practice of market gardening in the vicinity of water bodies has an impact on groundwater quality. To make up for the lack of water, some people in the town of Koudougou resort to wells and boreholes. This study assessed the chemical and microbiological pollution of groundwater in the town of Koudougou, Burkina Faso. To this end, 40 water samples were taken from wells and boreholes near watercourses and in market garden production areas. Analyses were carried out using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES) and molecular absorption spectrophotometry. Principal component analysis was performed using XLSTAT software, and hydrochemical facies analysis was performed using Diagram software from the Laboratoire d'Hydrogéologie, Université d'Avignon. The extraction of pesticides from the water was adapted to the QuEchERS method proposed by Standard NF EN 15662 of 01/2009. Bacteria were also detected by filtration on cellulose membranes. The results of principal component analysis of the water samples revealed strong correlations between Ca2+ and Mg2+ (0.98), Al3+ and Fe2+ (0.96), Cl- and Na+ (0.93), NO3- (0.80). Thus, the origin of the chemical elements could be explained by direct infiltration of surface water and the influence of anthropogenic activities. Analysis of the hydrochemical facies reveals anthropogenic pollution. In addition, the high Al3+ content (0.31 mg/L) in some wells exceeds the WHO threshold value (0.2 mg/L), and is partly linked to rock weathering. In addition, pesticide residue levels have been found to exceed standards. The water is contaminated with faecal matter, with total coliform levels reaching 800 CFU/100 mL. All in all, well water as a whole and 80% of borehole water were found to be unfit for human consumption.