University of Malaya

Two new phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids, lepicarpine A ( 1 ) and lepicarpine B ( 2 ), along with two known compounds, (+)-6-demethyltylocrebrine ( 3 ) and (+)-6-demethyltylophorine ( 4 ), were isolated from the leaves of Ficus lepicarpa . Their chemical structures and absolute configurations were elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. In vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that all four compounds exhibited antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines. Compound 1 showed pronounced selectivity toward colorectal adenocarcinoma SW48 cells (IC 50 0.66 μM), demonstrating 10-fold greater potency than 5-fluorouracil. Notably, compound 2 exhibited the most potent and broad-spectrum cytotoxic activity, with IC 50 values of 0.05 μM (SW48), 0.64 μM (Caco-2), and 0.17 μM (H1299), achieving potency comparable to doxorubicin against SW48 cells and significantly surpassing 5-fluorouracil across all tested cell lines. The occurrence of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids in F. lepicarpa further supports their chemotaxonomic association with Section Sycocarpus of Subgenus Sycomorus . • Two new phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids were isolated from Ficus lepicarpa • Lepicarpine B showed exceptional cytotoxicity (IC 50 0.05 μM) against SW48 cells. • The occurrence of phenanthroindolizidines supports Section Sycocarpus affiliation.

Tree graph is a connected graph and has no circuits. Tree graphs used in this study include: broom graph, firework graph, banana tree graph, centipede graph, E graph, and double star graph. Graph coloring is the process of giving color to graph elements with the rule that neighboring elements must not have the same color and the number of colors used must be as minimal as possible. b-Coloring of a graph G is a coloring of the vertices of G such that each color class has at least one vertex adjacent to all other color classes. The b-Chromatic number of a graph G is denoted by φ (G), is the largest integer k such that G has a b-coloring with k colors. The limit of b-coloring of graph G with maximum degree ∆(G) is as follows. χ(G)≤φ(G)≤∆(G)+1.χ(G) is the chromatic number of a graph G where χ(G) is the minimum value of the color required for proper coloring of graph G. While ∆(G) is the maximum degree of the vertices in graph G. This study uses an exploratory research type with axiomatic deductive method and pattern detection method. Based on the results of this study, the results of the b-coloring analysis on the tree graph family are known. The results of this study are expected to be used as study material and development of scientific knowledge related to b-coloring of other graphs