University of Mosul

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most frequently detected microsporidian in humans and infects a wide range of animals. Data integrating human, animal, and environmental compartments under a One Health framework remains scarce. We conducted a molecular survey in a rural area of Adana Province, south-central Türkiye (October–November 2023). A total of 394 samples were screened, including stool from apparently healthy individuals (n = 124) from 64 households and livestock such as cattle (n = 75), sheep (n = 95), goats (n = 60) and environmental samples (lake water, n = 24; mud, n = 16). Detection and genotyping targeted the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region by nested PCR and Sanger sequencing. No human or environmental samples were positive, this result may be influenced by sampling limitations, seasonality, and methodological sensitivity rather than reflecting true absence. Overall E. bieneusi prevalence in livestock was 5.2% (12/230; 95% CI, 2.6–8.6). By host, prevalence was 8.4% in sheep (8/95; 95% CI, 3.7–15.9), 3.3% in goats (2/60; 95% CI, 0.4–11.5), and 2.7% in cattle (2/75; 95% CI, 0.3–9.3); differences were not statistically significant. Sequence analysis identified three known genotypes: BEB6 (6/12), J (1/12), and Type IV (1/12), and two novel genotypes (ShTrEb1, ShTrEb2; 2/12 each). J and Type IV were restricted to cattle; BEB6 and ShTrEb1 occurred in sheep and goats; ShTrEb2 was detected only in sheep. Phylogenetic analysis placed Type IV in Group 1 and BEB6, J, ShTrEb1, and ShTrEb2 in Group 2. Although humans and environmental matrices tested negative in this study, the detection of genotypes in livestock should be interpreted carefully and highlights the need for further studies to clarify potential transmission pathways. Larger, seasonally stratified surveys with standardized environmental methods are warranted to better understand regional transmission dynamics.

Leukemia, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal white blood cells, encompasses several subtypes, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It presents a significant challenge in treatment due to its complex biology and the presence of drug resistance. Autophagy, a cellular process responsible for degrading and recycling cellular components, plays a dual role in leukemia. On one hand, autophagy helps cancer cells survive and adapt to stressors, including chemotherapy, promoting drug resistance. On the other hand, it can also function as a tumor suppressor by enhancing sensitivity to treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression, are crucial in modulating autophagy-related genes and signaling pathways in leukemia. Dysregulated miRNAs can either inhibit or enhance autophagy, influencing leukemia progression and response to therapy. Targeting the interaction between autophagy and miRNAs presents a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome drug resistance and improve leukemia treatment outcomes. By understanding the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and miRNAs, new treatment strategies could be developed that focus on restoring proper autophagic function and miRNA regulation, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy and reducing side effects. This review explores the dual roles of autophagy and miRNAs in leukemia, providing a deeper insight into their interplay and their potential for improving therapeutic approaches.

Type of the article: Research articleThe increasing development of digital business environments has contributed to the diversification of knowledge sources globally, making smart knowledge management crucial for enhancing the accuracy of decision-making processes. This study aims to investigate the impact of AI-driven capabilities, including adaptive learning, intelligent analytics, automation capability, integration capability on knowledge systems, and the role of smart knowledge management as a mediating factor within the context of the Federal Civil Service Council in Baghdad, Iraq. The study employed a quantitative method to collect data between April 2025 and August 2025 from 161 employees with at least three years of experience in knowledge management, organizational content and records, data, and machine learning. This sample included knowledge management managers, knowledge management specialists, data analysts, knowledge support technicians, and operations managers at the Federal Civil Service Council. The findings indicate that enhancing AI-driven capabilities across the four dimensions of adaptive learning, intelligent analytics, automation capability, and integration capability contributes to organizational success. This is evident from the correlation between adaptive learning (p = 0.012, < 0.279), analytical intelligence (p = 0.018, < 0.213), automation capabilities (p = 0.02, < 0.05), and knowledge systems. The study found that intelligent knowledge management plays a crucial mediating role in the relationship between AI capabilities and knowledge systems, contributing to the success of digital organizations and the accuracy of decision-making. This is further demonstrated by the positive correlation between the dimensions of AI capabilities and knowledge systems. 

This study explores the synthesis of activated biochar (ABC) from date pits and CuO-ABC nanocomposite for the adsorption elimination (AE) of model and commercial fuels. Outcomes deduced from FESEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, and the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms confirmed the microporous structures of both adsorbents. The SABET as well as pore diameter of the ABC were, respectively, 765.52 m2/g and 1.79 nm, while the SABET and pore diameter of CuO-ABC nanocomposite were, respectively,621.57 m2/g and 1.99 nm, referring to the micro-porous structures of both adsorbents. The maximum AE % of 200 mg/L DBT solution by the ABC was 98.09% using 0.20 g of the ABC at 30 °C for 25 min. In comparison, the highest AE% of 200 mg/L DBT solution over the CuO-ABC nanocomposite was 99.24%, achieved with 0.15 g of nanocomposite at 30 °C for 20 min. The isothermal and kinetic studies revealed that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the pseudo-2nd-order kinetic model best described the adsorption of DBT. Both adsorbents exhibited sustained activity across five consecutive cycles. The S-content of real gasoline was reduced to 80.12% and 84.22% using 0.60 g of both adsorbents at 30 °C for 120 min. This work presents cost-efficient adsorbents for desulfurization of a model desulfurization system and actual fuel oils at the industrial scale.

BackgroundBiosimilars are increasingly used in rheumatology practice; however, knowledge gaps and regulatory uncertainties may affect their acceptance. This study assessed the knowledge, perceptions, and clinical practices related to biosimilars among rheumatologists in the Arab League of Associations for Rheumatology (ArLAR) countries.MethodsA web-based survey of 19 questions, adapted from a European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) tool, was distributed among ArLAR-affiliated rheumatologists between July 2024 and January 2025. The questionnaire assessed knowledge, attitudes, clinical use, and educational preferences. A French version was developed and validated by the study steering committee. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics.ResultsA total of 105 rheumatologists from various Arab countries participated in the survey. The mean age of participants was 43.6 ± 11.7 years, and 61.9% were females. Most participants were adult rheumatologists (94.3%), primarily from Iraq (37.1%), Morocco (19%), and Algeria (16.2%). While 85.7% reported using biosimilars in practice, only 50.5% correctly identified the formal definition. Comfort with EMA/FDA-approved biosimilars was high (mean score 4.22/5), while concerns remained about switching in stable patients and among multiple biosimilars. The majority (80%) expressed interest in additional biosimilar education, particularly on regulatory approval, extrapolation, and safety.ConclusionArLAR rheumatologists show high uptake of biosimilars but moderate understanding of key regulatory and clinical concepts. Regionally adapted educational programs are needed to support evidence-based biosimilar use and improve confidence in clinical decision-making.