University of Pharmacy Mandalay

Background: Designing and testing a new way to deliver drugs through the skin using Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for sustained as well as enhanced topical delivery of Crisaborole. Methodology: Crisaborole was incorporated into SLNs using the Double Emulsification Solvent Evaporation Method. The SLNs were enhanced using a Box-Behnken design. The best-performing formulation was evaluated after optimization for particle size, etc, along with entrapment efficiency and in vitro release. Results: The SLNs exhibited a remarkable entrapment efficacy of 69.8 ± 1.1% to 80.6 ± 0.3%, and their particle size varied from 222.1 ± 8.5 nm to 440 ± 7.5 nm. In the in vitro release study of Crisaborole-SLNs, 92.7 ± 1.17 % was observed at 12 hours. The developed SLN formulation displays no significant change after three months of stability study under accelerated conditions. Conclusion: These results suggest that crisaborole-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) represent a promising vehicle for the topical delivery of crisaborole, with potential for enhanced dermal residence due to controlled release and nanoscale size within the skin, while minimizing systemic exposure.

Community-based agrotourism is increasingly recognized as a driver of local empowerment, yet its social sustainability dimensions remain underexplored in Southeast Asia. This study evaluates social sustainability at an organic vegetable-picking tourism site in Malang City using eleven indicators derived from the literature: availability, accessibility, connectivity, density, diversity, legibility, safety, versatility, participation, social actions, and equity. Field observations and semi-structured interviews with managers, community members, and visitors revealed strong performance in local participation, diversity of activities, and educational value creation. However, challenges remain in public transport accessibility, digital wayfinding, formalizing collaborations with nearby businesses, and managing peak-period congestion. This study contributes to the literature by operationalizing a multidimensional framework for social sustainability in a peri-urban agrotourism setting and offers practical recommendations to strengthen inclusivity, visitor flow management, and community linkages. The findings demonstrate how such initiatives can advance SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by integrating tourism development with local social objectives.

Abstract The first-line medications used in clinics for colorectal cancer (CRC) are 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy and its prodrug, capecitabine. Nevertheless, there are still relatively few patients responding to 5-FU/capecitabine-based therapy. Up to 30% of patients treated with 5-FU experience early-onset severe toxicity, including diarrhea, nausea, mucositis, stomatitis, myelosuppression, neurotoxicity, and hand–foot syndrome. The catabolism of 5-FU plays a major role in determining its toxicity. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) enzyme present in the liver and is encoded by DPYD gene, which inactivates most fluoropyrimidine (FP) molecules, patients with a deficit in DPD are more likely to have significant treatment-related toxicity while using FP on a regular basis. In the present case report, we have documented the case of a 49-year-old female diagnosed with metastatic CRC Stage 4 and evaluated the toxicity produced by the entire dose regimen. The patient had shown Grade IV toxicity from the first dose (5-FU) and continued until shifting to capecitabine and finally adjusting to the S Trio. Despite the high level of toxicity, the patient was found to be negative for the four most common mutant variants of the DPYD gene (c.1905 + 1G>A [*2A], c.1129-5923C>G [HapB3], c.1679T>G [*13], and c.2846A>T). However, the c.2194 G/A variant, which is a normal metabolizer, was found to be positive. Therefore, we document and recommend further studies on variant c.2194 G/A to consider its clinical impact for protective testing, particularly in the Indian population.

The human MAS-related G-protein-coupled receptors (MRGPRs) represent a promising therapeutic target for managing chronic itch and pain. Among them, MRGPRX4 is activated by bile acids in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and contributes to the cholestatic itch. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of a focused library of functionalized terpene-based thiazole hydrazines targeting MRGPRX receptors. Functional assays identified two compounds, 1C and 3G, as negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of MRGPRX4 with IC50 values of 337 nM and 15.5 μM, respectively, and showed weak activity at MRGPRX2. Computational analysis suggested a putative NAM binding site adjacent to the orthosteric pocket involving key interactions with residues H923.22, K963.26, and R1594.62. The resulting site overlaps with the receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (RAMP2) interaction region, where RAMP2 antagonizes MRGPRX4 as a NAM. These findings provide a foundation for developing selective MRGPRX4 NAMs as novel therapeutic agents for chronic itch and pain.

In current years littering of plastics and the problem associated with their chronic inside the environment have end up a primary awareness in the each studies and information. There is high need of biodegradable polymers and especially in the discipline of packing and additionally want to create biodegradable polymers for traditional packaging material. The current review paper focuses towards the various types of biopolymer sources that are available in nature which are able to reduce the risk of environment damage through the use of alternative of plastics as a packaging material. This review present review of the exclusive biodegradable polymers and records about biodegradable polymers which are degraded by way of microorganisms and additionally include biodegradation technique. The excellent of biopolymers can be expressed as distinct properties like gas barrier, thermal and mechanical barrier, and moisture barrier properties. Biopolymers may be classified into classes in keeping with natural, synthetic and based totally on repeating units. Biodegradable polymers can be used as an approach to the troubles posed via plastics as they effortlessly degrade inside the surroundings and also mimic the properties of traditional polymers. Starch, cellulose based totally biodegradable zero waste plastics can update with non-renewable plastics with comparable packaging properties. Some of organic substances can be incorporated into biodegradable polymers materials with the maximum common being PLA, PCA, protein, starch cellulose etc. This overview additionally nation the biodegradable polymers bundle of food programs and utilized in other discipline and which merchandise are made from this.

Mental health is a state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn well and work well, and contribute to their community. India's mental health struggles are largely due to societal stigma and inadequate healthcare access. Depression is a major cause of disability worldwide and contributes greatly to the global disease burden. Depression is characterized by persistent sadness, hopelessness, irritability, guilt, loss of interest, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, sleep disturbances, changes in appetite, physical aches, and thoughts of death or suicide. Symptoms can also include increased anger, restlessness, withdrawal, impulsivity, alcohol or drug use, isolation, and difficulties with sexual desire and performance. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common types of depression. It is characterized by changes in neuronal structure and function, which are accompanied by several biochemical changes. It is caused by a variety of biological, psychological, and environmental factors. This review will cover depression, its signs and symptoms, risk factors, mechanisms, and management. The management of depression includes various types of medication, therapies, counselling, stimulation, and strategies to combat depression.

Cow urine is a cure for all diseases, and the cow is a travelling pharmacy.e cow is most advantageous animal in terms of agreement mmunity and anti - aging. They recommended 10-25 millilitre of and known as mother of ayurveda.In general, urine possesses antibacterial properties. It functions as a crucial element.Cow have long been revered as divine creatures, both in religious and cultural context. In eastern culture they are also regards as mother's because they provide for entire families through a healthy diet through the provision of milk and related good like mother's milk. The vedas branch on medicine is called Ayurveda. Brahma vakya janardanam signifies that the vedao Vegas to be spoken from brahmas mouth. Everyone welfare is the goal. Consequently, it is known as aptopadesh, or support from close friends and family.cirrhosis of the liver is treated with daily dosage of 1-2 onces of cow urine. Additionally intended for are urine alone or mixed with honey and salt issue with the liver and others malignant jaundice is treated internally with antimony sulphide and cow urine. Goumutra with haritaki (termina) liachebula is effective for the treatment of kaphajshoth and pandu.

The opthalmic nanoemulsion drug delivery system is novel and advanced modes of drug delivery system. Nanoemulsions are oil in water type of emulsion and water in oil type of emulsion. The diameter of the drops range are 50 -1000nm (109m). The droplet size average range between 100-500nm. It is a part of widespread class of colloidal dispersion of multiphase. Nanoemulsions are accessible to formulate and upscale, and they appear high volatility in their constituents. They have turn out very feasible, cost effective, and non- invasive nanocarriers for intensify opthalmic delivery of a wide range of active compounds that influence to metabolize heavily or suffer from undesirable side effect when taken orally. In addition, the anti-viral and antimicrobial properties of nanoemulsion components, prominent to preservative free formulation, develop nanoemulsion very enticing path for ocular drug delivery. Thus the aim of this article is spotlight on nanoemulsion, various methods of preparation, characterization techniques, Also focus the mechanisms and strategies accomplished to effectively deliver drugs, both oil and water and water in oil nanoemulsion types, via the ocular way. The methods will be used to prepare for nanoemulsion are high energy method such as: high pressure Homoginization, Ultrasonication, Microfluidization. Evaluation parameters will be include particle size analysis, rheological measurement, refractive index, surface tension, viscosity, therapeutic efficacy study, in vitro release study and ocular irritation study respectively.

In situ forming microparticle (ISM) has been recently used as the injectable drug delivery system prepared from polymeric non-aqueous phase in oil emulsion. Solvents and oils used in ISM including N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), 2-pyrrolidone (PYR), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycofurol, triacetin, olive oil, camellia oil and isopropyl myristate (IPM) were evaluated for pH, density, viscosity, flow time, surface tension, contact angle, color distribution, injectability, antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity. The most viscous camellia oil and olive oil showed the highest flow time with lowest color diffusion and lower injectability; thus, they were suitable for performing as external phase of ISM to prolong drug release. Lower viscosity of NMP with low contact angle promoted its rapid wetting and faster color diffusion rate. All the solvents inhibited C. albicans more effective than bacteria. DMSO showed the lowest cytotoxicity against HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cell among tested solvents which was followed by PYR, NMP, triacetin and glycofurol, respectively. These obtained fluid properties of solvents provide the useful information for preparation of ISM for drug delivery. Camellia oil and olive oil demonstrated their potency for using as external phase while NMP with its good injectability/ antimicrobial activities exhibited the most suitable solvent of internal phase of ISM.